COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY VOLUME 2 A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Ambassador College Graduate School of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Herman L. Hoeh 1963 1966, 1969 Edition TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Chapter I Early History of Germany Antiquity of the German Reich Germans Shape World Affairs The Answer Found Did the Assyrians Invade Europe? What Did Assyrians Look Like? Why Germans Call Themselves "Deutschen" What Language Did They Speak? Semitic by Race, Not Language Chapter II The Ancient Kings of the Germans The Early Settlers of Europe Kings of Ancient Germany Chapter III Abraham in Early European History Europe's Early History Suppressed Abraham in the Austrian Chronicle Chapter IV Jews Gain Power in Danube Civilization Jewish Kings from Austrian Chronicle End of Jewish Predominance Chapter V The Conquests of Odin and Danish History What the History of Denmark Reveals The Genealogy of Dan I "Hu the Mighty" The Kings of Denmark Denmark Enters Roman History Christianity Introduced on the Throne Chapter VI Scotland -- Key to History of New World What Historians Claim First Major Settlement Line of Judah in Scotland Earliest History of Scotland Early Line of Scottish Kings Kings of Cruithne Continued Chapter VII They Crossed the Atlantic The Little Ice Age Whites Did Not Become Indians American Indian Tradition Enter Votan Early Time of Migration Chronology of Mexico The History of Toltecs at Tullan The City-State of Culhaucan The Chichimecs at Texcoco The Aztecs Chapter VIII The History of Spain Only Recently Suppressed Earliest Kings over the Spanish Invasion from Africa Abraham's Children Chaos in Spain Time of the Sea Powers Chapter IX Italy, Home of Pagan Religion Italy in the Ancient World What Italian History Reveals The History of Etruria The History of the Latins Chapter X The Story of the Peruvian Indians Modern Scholarship Discarded the Facts What Archaeologists Found Illustration from Burma The Inca Rulers Chapter XI Ancient Persia and Turkestan Early Kings of Persia The Second Race The First Race Turkestan, Turks and Mongols Ogus Khan The History of Armenia Chapter XII Trojan Migration to France Trojan Kings of Isauria Trojan Kings of Sicambria and Pannonia Kings of Agrippina Princes of Brabant Dukes of Brabant Kings of Frisia Dukes of Frisia Second Group of Kings of Frisia Trojan Kings of the Belgians Kings of the Celts in Gaul Chapter XII A Further Migrations to France Sicambrian Kings The Kings of the Franks Dukes of the East Franks The Hapsburgs Enter The Dukes of Gaul Kings of France In Retrospect Chapter XIII History of Sweden and the Saxons The Record Speaks Renewed Migration Dynasty of Yngling Dynasty of Stenkil Saxon History Chapter XIV The History of Arabia Who Were the First Arabs? The Jorhamites of Hejaz The Kingdom of Yemen Arabia's Indian-Ocean Neighbors Chapter XV The Miracle of the Red Sea Do Miracles Happen Today? Background of the Story Where Is Goshen? The Land of Rameses Goshen During the Plagues The Night of the Exodus Israel Built Pyramids What Road Did Israel Take? Where Are These Places? Crossing the Red Sea Egypt Left Desolate Egypt's Historians Admit What Happened Chapter XVI Journey to Petra After Mount Sinai -- Where? What Does "Kadesh" Mean? Located in Mount Seir! Israel Whipped in Seir Yet Another Proof! Where Was the "Wilderness of Wandering"? Encampments Listed in Order Bene-Jaakan is Kadesh! The Return to Kadesh "Sela" Another Name for Petra Where Did Aaron Die? Where Was the King's Highway? Journey Northward in the Arabah Petra Occupied by Israel Chapter XVII Where Did the Twelve Apostles Go? Jesus' Commission Tells "House of Israel" Identified What New Testament Reveals Three Missing Words Wars Reveal Where To Whom Did Peter Write? Remnant of Ten Tribes on Shores of Black Sea What Greek Historians Report Simon Peter in Britain! And Andrew His Brother And the Other Apostles? And Ireland Too! Paul in Britain, Too? On the Shores of the Caspian Sea Where Did Matthew Go? Chapter XVIII Since the First Man Scientific Confusion Why Hypotheses? Uncovering the Facts How Geologists Think Discarding the Facts Facts of Geology Confirmation of Genesis One The World of Adam The Sin of Cain and Geology Early Post-Flood World Appendix A The Enigma of Dynasty I and II of Kish Resolved Appendix B Ethiopian King List Agdazyan Dynasty Dynasty of Menelik I The Christian Sovereigns Dynasty of Atse Sovereigns Issued from Zagwe A Jewish Dynasty House of Gondar Tribe of Ori Line of Ham Appendix C Kashmir -- Chronology from the Rajatarangini Gonandiya Dynasty Usurping Dynasty Restored Gonandiya Dynasty Karkota Dynasty The Dynasty of Utpala First Lohara Dynasty Second Lohara Dynasty ------------------- INTRODUCTION The first volume of the COMPENDIUM OF WORLD HISTORY exposed the radical new interpretation of history now taught on all levels of modern education. It revealed the fallacy of the "historical method." It explained WHY God is left out of history. Volume I restored the history of ancient Egypt, of Assyria and Babylonia, of Media and India, of Greece, Ireland and Britain. This volume completes that restoration. For the first time, in this second volume, the early history of Europe will be made plain. Its connection with the New World, with American Indian civilization, with the early Biblical heroes is an astounding revelation. CHAPTER I EARLY HISTORY OF GERMANY The time has come to reveal the true history of Europe. The Germans for centuries have dominated the heartland of Western Europe. Because of the geographic position Germany's transportation lines constitute the vital arteries of the continent. Without the beating of the German heart, Europe would lose its economic and political prominence in world affairs. Ancient Roman writers would have us believe that the Germans in the Roman heyday were mere barbarians, an insignificant people roaming the forests of northern Europe. Was this Roman report the whole truth? Were the ancient Roman writers keeping back from their people the facts of German history? Rome conquered Spain, Gaul, Southern Britain, all North Africa to the Sahara, Illyria, Greece, Asia to the Euphrates. But Rome had to draw its boundary in the north along the Rhine. Why? Why was Rome not able to subdue all Germany? Why, after centuries of bloodshed, did Rome finally succumb to the hammer blows of the Germanic Goths and Vandals? It is high time we were told the true history of early Germany. The origin of the German people in Europe is rooted in patriarchal times. The history of early Germany, suppressed by the Romans, was revived briefly in the German-dominated Middle Ages. But before the close of the seventeenth century not even the Germans remembered their past. It had been stamped out in the name of education and religion. But not all was lost. From early documents and local traditions it is still possible to recover what has, in recent centuries, been buried under the rubble of modern educational superstition. The Germans themselves are in great part responsible for this condition. They fostered modern historical concepts. They have tried to hide their past even from themselves -- just as they did at the close of the Hitler era. If the Germans admitted to themselves and the world who they really are, all the world would recognize in Imperial Germany the reconstituted Assyrian Empire -- once the terror of all the civilized world! ANTIQUITY OF THE GERMAN REICH Germany has set herself up as the bulwark of European civilization. Germany for centuries has claimed to stand as the wall of defense against the barbarism of Asia. The German Reich long endured as the oldest political institution in Continental Europe. The German people called their Reich the Holy Roman Empire. It bore rule over Europe for a thousand years. This "Holy Roman Empire of the German People" was officially designated by the Church in the Middle Ages as "The Kingdom of God" on earth. Its citizens, the Germans, felt themselves true Romans and bearers of the Christian Reich or kingdom. They were therefore the chosen people of the Christian era, entrusted with a world-mission to be the protectors of Christianity. German leaders and philosophers have never forgotten this notion of the Middle Ages that the German, in place of the Jew, has a special mission from God. This strange concept, which lies behind modern political thinking in Germany, is plainly stated in the German work "Die Trag”die des Heiligen Reiches" -- in English, "The Tragedy of the Holy Roman Empire." It is by Friedrich Heer. It is a remarkable volume. It lays bare the reason for the secret motives of the German to dominate Europe -- and the world. GERMANS SHAPE WORLD AFFAIRS The story of the ancestry of the German people, and their role in prophecy, is one of the strangest stories ever written. It is gripping with interest, amazing -- yes, astounding! "The History of Germany," writes Bayard Taylor, "is not the history of a nation, but of a race ... Thus, even before the fall of the Roman Empire, it becomes the main trunk out of which branch histories of nearly all European nations, and ... the connecting link between ancient and modern history. The records of no other race throw so much light upon the development of all civilized lands during a period of fifteen hundred years" ("History of Germany", page iii). Germany has contributed more military leaders than any other nation in history. Its governments have, in the past, claimed the right to rule the "Christian world." The German State, from its beginning, has nearly always been a confederation of states -- often an empire of German ruling over non-German. It is the German people who, more than once, have believed themselves to be the "Herrenvolk" -- the Master Race. The German people number over one hundred million throughout the world today. They are composed of numerous small tribes. Nations, remember, are families grown big. Take Israel as an example. The nation Israel descended from one man, Jacob (who was renamed Israel upon his conversion -- Genesis 35:9-10). But Israel had 12 sons. His family therefore was divided into 12 tribes. One reads in the Bible about "the 12 tribes of Israel" -- Judah, Dan, Ephraim, Levi, etc. (Genesis 49:28). The same is true of the German people. of all these tribes, perhaps the most famous name to Americans is that of the Hessians. The British hired numerous Hessians in their effort to put down the American Revolution which began in 1776. The Hessians were known to Roman historians by the tribal name "Hatti." Other Germans bore the names "Alemani" "Suabi," and "Quadi," the "Casuri." The Romans called them collectively Germani, meaning "War-men" (from the "Encyclopedia Britannica", article, "Germany"). But from where did all these Germanic people come? Here is the answer of history: "There can be no doubt that they Black and Caspian seas," states "Smith's Classical Dictionary", article, "Germania," p. 361. Ancient historical records confirm this admission. The Germans can be traced in historical records to the regions surrounding the Black and Caspian seas, which border on the ancient Biblical Mesopotamia. This is the region where civilization commenced and from where the patriarchs came! THE ANSWER FOUND Ancient German tradition claims that their oldest city, Trier, was founded by Trever or Trebeta, a son of Ninus, king of Assyria. "The inhabitants of Trier maintain that their city is the oldest in all Europe," writes Josef K. L. Bihl in his textbook "In deutschen Landen", page 69. "Trier was founded," he continues, "by Trebeta, a son of the famous Assyrian King Ninus. In fact, one finds ... in Trier the inscription reading, 'Trier existed for 1300 years before Rome was rebuilt.' " Ninus, according to Roman, Greek and Persian records, was the first ruler who began the systematic conquest of the ancient world after the death of Nimrod. He established the Assyrian Empire as the chief power over Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia, reported Diodorus of Sicily in his History. But how is it possible that the oldest German city, Trier, founded over 2000 years before the birth of Christ, should be built by a son of Ninus, the renowned King of ancient Assyria? What connection have the Germans with Assyria? Jerome, who lived at the time when the Indo-Germanic tribes were invading Europe, provides this startling answer: "For 'Assur (the Assyrian) also is joined with them' " (Letter 123, sec. 16, "Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers"; quote is from Psalm 83:8). DID THE ASSYRIANS INVADE EUROPE? Yes! Jerome said so! But how did he know? He saw them! He was an eyewitness to their migrations from Mesopotamia and the shores of the Black and Caspian seas! Now consider what Sylax, the author of the "Periplus," who lived about 550 B.C., writes of the southern shores of the Black Sea: "The coast of the Black Sea ... is called Assyria" (from page 261 of Perrot and Chipiez's "History of Art in Sardinia, Judaea, Syria and Asia Minor", Vol. II.) From there the Assyrians moved north. Only 300 years before Jerome, the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder declared the "Assyriani" -- the Assyrians -- were dwelling north of the Black Sea ("Natural History", IV, 12, page 183). But the Assyrians did not remain there. They are not there today. of course not -- they migrated into Central Europe -- where the Germans live today! WHAT DID ASSYRIANS LOOK LIKE? What did the ancient Assyrians look like? Here is the answer: "In the Zagros hills and across the plain to the Tigris, there lived a ... fair-haired ... people akin to the Guti (the Goths) who ... remained in what was afterwards Assyria, the neighbour land to Akkad" (page 5 of "The Sumerians", by C. Leonard Woolley). When the ancient Greek writers wanted to distinguish the Assyrians and their Hebrew captives from the Arameans or Syrians, the Greeks often called both Assyrians and their Hebrew captives "Leucosyri" -- meaning "whites" or "blonds" as distinct from the very brunette Syrians who still live in Mesopotamia. WHY GERMANS CALL THEMSELVES "DEUTSCH" The Germans do not call themselves "German." They refer to themselves as Deutschen, and to their country as Deutschland. When the Assyrians or Germans appeared in Europe, they claimed Tuitsch as their ancestor! That is where the name "Deutsch" comes from! "Tuysco, the most ancient and peculiar god of all the Germans ... of this Tuisco, the first and chiefest man of many among the Germans, and after whom they do call themselves Tuytshen, that is, duytshes or duytsh people, I have already spoken." So writes Verstegan in his 1605 publication entitled "Restitution of Decayed Intelligence: in Antiquities". Whenever a German calls himself Deutsch, he is therefore saying he is a descendant of Tuitsch (Tuisco or Tuisto in Latin). And when he terms his country Deutschland, he is saying his land is Tuitsch's land. Who this Tuitsch is will be made plain in Chapter II. WHAT LANGUAGE DID THEY SPEAK European scholars have thoroughly studied the language of the land of Hatti -- the ancestors of the Hessians. It is an Indo-Germanic tongue -- numerous words of which were akin to Old High German. So many similarities were found that Edgar Sturtevant had to declare: "To me it seems incredible that so remarkable a situation developed in two languages independently. I feel compelled to trace the Germanic ... to a common origin" with the language of Hatti -- common tongue of the Assyrians in Asia Minor (from "A Comparative Grammar", page 240). Scholars admit that for centuries the language of the people who inhabited Assyria was not merely Semitic. Semitic was the late literary language of Assyria -- the language of scholars, the language of international commerce. Modern historians and archaeologists assume that the common tongue of all Assyrian people was Semitic. They have no proof. So noted an Assyriologist as Sydney Smith admitted "... that the documents from Asia Minor and from east of Tigris are couched in Semitic dialects spoken by men unable to pronounce all the Semitic consonants ..." (p. xi, from "Early History of Assyria to 1000 B.C."). The same circumstance occurred during the Middle Ages all over Europe. The language of almost all European scholars -- and even their names -- until the time of the Protestant Reformation was Latin -- but Latin was not the common tongue of the people! Because most of the literature of Germany was in Latin during the Middle Ages does not prove that the common people spoke Latin. SEMITIC BY RACE, NOT LANGUAGE Asshur was a son of Shem. But after the tower of Babel, when the languages of the world were confused (Genesis 11), most Assyrians no longer spoke a Semitic tongue, but rather Indo-Germanic and related tongues! The Germans, therefore, are Semitic by race, but not by language! In the days of Abraham, the Germans or Assyrians formed a great confederation of states or tribes, speaking several different languages (Josephus' "Antiquities of the Jews", book I, ch. 9). One king of the Assyrians -- already discussed -- was "Tidal, king of nations" (Genesis 14:1). The name Tidal is Indo-Germanic, not Semitic. Most scholars have never been conscious of the fact that the use of the Semitic language in Assyria was due to the rising influence of the Aramaic people (Genesis 10:22) in Mesopotamia and certain of the sons of Abraham ("Antiquities", book I, ch. XV, sect. 1). So prominent did they become that Mesopotamia is called "Padan-Aram" -- the plain of Aram -- in the Bible (Genesis 28:22). CHAPTER II THE ANCIENT KINGS OF THE GERMANS The settlement of the Assyrians and related peoples in early Europe is summarized by several writers in the early Middle Ages. The list of the early kings presented here is from the "Bayerische Chronik" and "Deutsche Chronik" by Johannes Turmair, Abensberg, 1526. The traditional events assigned to each ancient German ruler are confirmed by both archaeological evidence and the fragmentary comments of classical historians. The "Bayerische Chronik" is very important for the history of Central Europe. It proves that German history was correctly preserved in song and poetry and in contemporary written records down to Roman times. It further proves that the length of time from the Flood to Roman times was accurately preserved except for an overlooked 24 years. This period was the 24 years from Abram's year 75 to his year 99. The later chroniclers, who placed in parallel German and Hebrew history, universally reckoned the 430 years from the Covenant that was confirmed with Abraham to Sinai as beginning when Abram was 75 years old, instead of 99. They therefore placed the Flood 24 years too late in history. The German chronicles that were the basis of Turmair's work placed the Flood 131 years before the coming of the German patriarch Tuisto into Europe. They should have reckoned 131 plus 24 -- that is, 155 years. With this one exception, all dates from Tuisto down to the burning of Rome in 390 B.C. need no correction. All that is necessary is to add the separate lengths of reign. There are no missing lengths of reign. German history commences with an extensive settlement of farmers in Europe from the Don River to the Rhine. The date of this migration into Europe from Mesopotamia and the Near East is placed at 2214 B.C. by German history -- just 155 years after the Flood and 40 years after the Tower of Babel. BEGINNING OF GERMAN OR ASSYRIAN HISTORY The real beginnings of Assyrian history were not presented in Volume I. They are restored here. One account begins with the reign of Nimrod in 2194 -- after the 60-year reign of Cush. Cush was the first Belus -- the word means "lord" -- who bore rule after the Flood. Early Rulers of Assyria and Babylon Lengths of Reign Dates Saturn: the Nimrod of Scripture, 56 2194-2138 known also as Ninus I. Belus: great lord of Assyria 55 2138-2083 -- a title of Shem as lord over all his family. The title was later taken by Asshur. Ninus II: conquered the 52 2100-2048 Middle East in 17 years (2100-2083), while his father was recognized as supreme ruler, (see Diodorus Siculus). Ninus is the name of Asshur used by classical writers. Semiramis or Ishtar 42 2048-2006 Ninyas: called Zames 38 2006-1968 (see Vol. 1 for history). THE EARLY SETTLERS OF EUROPE The "Bavarian Chronicle" records in detail the earliest settlers of Europe after the Deluge. Their encampments and habitations have been recovered by archaeological research and are labeled the "Neolithic" migrations that traversed the Danube and adjoining valleys. Shem or Tuitsch came into Europe with members of his family, as well as with certain of the sons of Japheth and two of the sons of Ham who were of the white stock. From these have descended most of the present-day nations of Europe. The descendants of Shem include many sons of Joktan, son of Heber, and a number of the sons of Mash, son of Aram. The Biblical names (Genesis 10) of the grandsons and great-grandsons of Shem are clearly preserved in most instances by the "Chronicle". In the following chart, together with the names of the patriarchal settlers, appear either the areas settled, the tribes which sprang from them, or their Biblical names. An historical or classical map should be consulted for location of geographic names. In later times the descendants of these early heroes migrated west, south, north and east under population pressure. Dukes settled by Shem in Europe Identity, or Area settled 1. Sarmata, son of settled Sarmatia; is the Joktan Hazarmaveth of Gen. 10:26; colonized south Arabia; a son Tanaus gave his name to the river Tanais, now called the Don. 2. Dacus, son of Mash, settled Dacia, later also grandson of Aram colonized in Denmark 3. Geta, another son from whom came certain of of Mash (included in the Getae of Roman history Anderson's "Royal Genealogies", but not in "Bavarian Chronicle") 4. Gotha Gether from whom came the Goths (v .23) 5. Tibiscus, late settled on the river Latin spelling of Theiss or Tibiscus; Tiobo, an Italian descendants migrated into spelling of Jobab Germany (see "Encyclopedia (Gen. 10:29) Britannica", article "Archaeology") 6. Moesa, Mash settled Mysia and Moesia (Gen. 10:23) 7. Phrygus, or Brigus, settled in Phrygia and son of Mash (Gen. Europe 10:23) 8. Thynus, son of Mash settled Bithynia in Asia Minor 9. Dalmata, Almodad settled Dalmatia on Adriatic (v. 26) 10. Jader, Jerah (v .26), founded the port called his descendants also Jaderia Colonia in Illyria settled in Arabia 11. Albanus or Albion, for whom Albania is named, Abimael (v. 28) and also Albion or Britain; his descendants early migrated to the Isle of Britain 12. Sabus or Sau, Sheba settled on the river Save; (v. 28) migrated to Italy as Sabines 13. Pannus or Benno, settled Pannonia son of Mash 14. Sala or Salon built the town Sala; gave Shelah (v. 24) his name to river Sal 15. Azalus or Aezel, ancestor of the Azali; Uzal (v. 27) also settled in Aezeland in Pannonia 16. Hister, the Joktan settled Istria; Hister of the Bible (Gen. means same in Indo-European 10:25) tongues that Joktan does in Hebrew -- water course (Rawlinson, "Ancient History") 17. Adulas or Adler, anciently dwelt on Upper Hadoram (v. 27); Rhine; his son Than gave colonized in Arabia his name to the river Thonau, now called the Danube 18. Dicla, Diklah thought to have dwelt on (v. 27) Upper Rhine; his descendants later migrated to Gedrosia in Persia l9. Obalus or Elb, from him the river Elbe Obal (v. 28) takes its name 20. Epirus Ophir colonized Asia from Epirus (v. 29) 21. Eber built Ebersau -- the Eburodunum of Ptolemy's map 22. Hoeril, Havilah gave his name to river (Gen. 10:29) Havel or Havila (Jacobus Schatz: "Atlas Homannianus Illustratus", p. 121); from him descended the Heruli The white descendants of the following patriarchs also colonized parts of Europe: 23. Arcadius, father of the settled Arcadia in Greece Arkites (Gen. 10:17) 24. Emathius, father of settled Emathia in Macedonia Hamathites (Gen. 10:18) 25. Tiras, son of colonized Thrace Japheth 26. Moska, Meshech -- colonized east of the son of Japheth Carpathians 27. Javan, son of Hebrew name for Greece is Japheth Javan 28. Thubal, son of Josephus records that Japheth certain of his children settled Spain 29. Gomer, son of dwelt for a time in Italy Japheth 30. Asch, Ashkenaz -- his descencants mixed with son of Gomer the Goths -- whence Jews who settled in Central Europe acquired name of Ashkenazim 31. Reif or Rus, settled in Scythia and Riphath -- son of White Russia Gomer 32. Tagus, Togarmah -- dwelt for a time in Southern son of Gomer Europe KINGS OF ANCIENT GERMANY Early Kings of German Lengths of Reign Dates 1. Tuitsch or Tuisto 176 2214-2038 (236) (2214-1978) Chief of thirty-two dukes. Noah gave him all the land between the Don River and the Rhine or what was called Grossgermania. This is the beginning of the "neolithic" settlement of Europe. Tuitsch is, according to all ancient German commentaries and chronicles, a son of Noah. But which son? Noah adopted Tuitsch's children as his own. The ancient Germans understood the name Tuitsch to be the title "Teacher." He was therefore the great patriarch of his family who taught the divine will to his children. Tuitsch is the father of Mannus (who is the Assyrian Ninus). The son of Mannus, Trebeta, is the same man who is called the son of Ninus in classical writers. The son of Mannus or Ninus -- Trebeta -- built Trier, the first town of Germany. Since the Bible calls this Ninus (who built Nineveh), Asshur, Tuitsch is therefore Shem! Tuitsch (Shem) left Europe for Egypt in 2038. His appearance in Egyptian chronological records of Dynasty I dates his arrival and government in 2037. From Armenia Tuitsch left 155 years after the Flood (131 plus 24) -- see the comments at the beginning of this chapter. With him were twenty-two descendants plus eight from Japheth and two from Ham. Tuitsch made his headquarters at Deutz (today Koeln-Deutz). The country is called Deutschland after him -- that is, the land of the great Patriarch or Teacher, Shem. In the 25th year of his reign (2190-2189) Tuitsch held a state assembly, divided lands among his descendants and ordained laws. He also brought more colonies from Mesopotamia. 2. Mannus or Mann 72 1978-1906 (66) (1978-1912) For the last 60 years of Tuitsch's or Shem's reign in Germany, he governed his family from Egypt and Italy. It was not until 1978 that Mannus assumed the government over Western Europe, succeeding his father Tuitsch. At the beginning of his reign he sends out colonies to France and Asia Minor. His son Herman establishes the kingdoms of Phrygia, Mysia and Bithynia in Mannus' 34th year (1945-1944). Another son Trieber or Trebeta, built Trier. Nerus, another son, settled in the Netherlands. This Mannus is the Assyrian Ninus and is Asshur, son of Shem. Asshur means "strength" in Hebrew and has the same sense as Mannus -- masculinity -- in German. 3. Eingeb or Ingaevon 36 1906-1870 (40) (1912-1872) This son of Mannus or Ninus -- Asshur -- was the German Mercury. His wife Freia was the German Venus. He instituted the observance of Weinnachten of December 24. Eingeb is responsible for settling Germans on the North Sea from Denmark to Dunkirk. He sent his general Brigus from the Danube valley to secure Spain against the African Amazons (female warriors). Myrein, queen of the African Amazons advanced up the Danube but was defeated and slain by Eingeb's generals Seiphyl and Mopser. 4. Ausstaeb or Istaevon 50 1870-1820 (52) (1872-1820) Son of Eingeb, Ausstaeb was the German Mars. From him are descended the Rheinlanders. In his days a great drought devastated Italy. 5. Herman 63 1820-1757 Son of Ausstaeb. He taught the philosophy that war and to die in battle is most pleasing to God. He introduced the arts of warmaking to the Germans. The Druids began to flourish in Germany. Herman settled the heart of Germany, whose people were called Hermanduri or Hermiones after him. 6. Mers 46 1757-1711 Son of Herman. The city of Merseburg is named after him. The Dithmarsii descended from him. Oryz, the Egyptian god-king Osiris, came with his wife Eisen up the Danube valley to Mers. They left Germany and went to Italy on their way back to Egypt. Cultural development of Germany through contact with Egypt in days of Joseph -- beer making, agriculture, forging and medicine were brought to Germany. 7. Gampar 44 1711-1667 Son of Mers. He was the inventor of beer brewing. His daughter Araxa became one of the wives of Libys (the Egyptian and Spanish Hercules), the son of Oryz, and gave birth to Tuscus, Schyth, Agatyrsus, Peucinger and Gutho. 8. Schwab 46 1667-1621 Son of Gampar. He gave his name to Schwaben. In his reign Eisen came to Germany and taught the people various crafts. 9. Wandler 41 1621-1580 Son of Schwab. Ancestor of the German Wenden or Vandals, who were first known at the Weser, next in the countries north of the Elbe; afterwards, a colony went into Spain, then into Africa where they restored the Roman Empire; their kingdom was demolished by General Belisarius. The cities of Luebeck, Rostoch, Dantzig, and others are the relics of those first Vandals who did not migrate to North Africa. These German Vandals are different from the Wends called Slavi, Slavonians, Poles, Bohemians who settled in the ancient lands of the Vandals. 10. Deuto 27 1580-1553 Son of Wandler, gave his name to the Teutones. He led a campaign into France and built there the cities of Vannes, Sens, Santgenge and Toulouse. He was deified as the German Mercury, as Eingeb had previously been. 11. Alman (Allmann or Altman) 64 1553-1489 Son of Deuto, was the German Hercules. Famous for use of trained lions in war. Bore a lion in his shield. Bavarians, who descended from him, still use a lion on their coat of arms. He had many sons. Norein received Noricum (in Bavaria today). Norein was the father of part of the Bavarians. Haun was the father of the German Huns and lived with his brothers Glan and Schyter. Helvos was the father of the Helvetti in Switzerland. Baier ruled Bavaria. Mied and Math were the ancestors of the Mediomatrices in Alsace. Theur went to foreign lands. 12. Baier 60 1489-1429 Son of Alman. He sent a great army of Germans and Wends from Germany, Denmark and Gothland to the Balkans. One group, the Goths under Gebreich and Vilmer, settled on the river Theissa and lived there as the Getae till the time of Valentinian. Another group, including the German Amazons, proceeded down the Danube valley to the Black Sea and on through the Crimea and the Palus Maeotis to Armenia and Cappadocia and the Taurus mountains. Here they were known as the Cimmerians. Baier was also known as Bojus of Bavaria since he was the ancestor of many Bavari. He built Prague. 13. Ingram or Ingramus 52 1429-1377 Son of Baier. He sent many German colonists to Asia Minor. Tanhauser, king of the Germans in Asia Minor, and his priestess Schmirein, led a conquering army through Syria as far as Egypt. Built Hermenia, afterwards called Reginoberg (Ratisbon). 14. Adalger or Adelger 49 1377-1328 Son of Ingram. German Amazons were again famous in his time under Queens Lautpotis and Martpeis. They crossed through Asia Minor to Lycia, but were defeated. 15. Larein 51 1328-1277 Son of Adalger. This is the Laertes of Trojan fame, mentioned by the Roman historian Tacitus. During his rule an army set out from Germany and went via Poland and Ruthenia to the Danube valley. Here it was joined by Germans who had come to the area some 150 years earlier, and the combined forces fell into Asia Minor under their leader Mader and their queen Aloph. They passed through Phrygia and settled in Armenia. 16. Ylsing or Ulsing 53 1277-1224 Son of Larein. This is the Trojan Ulysses of Tacitus. He is also the Greek Odysseus who sailed out to the Atlantic and up to the Rhine. Built Emmerick on the Main. During his reign the Germans under Galter again invaded Asia Minor and settled on the banks of the river Sangarius. Priam of Troy tried in vain to expel them, finally made a treaty, and they later helped him against the Greeks. 17. Brenner or Breno 38 1224-1186 Son of Ylsing, in whose reign Prichs ruled the Germans on the Black Sea and the women under queen Themyschyr conquered Bithynia, Paphlagonia and Cappadocia. 18. Heccar (Hykar or Highter) 31 1186-1155 Son of Brenner. He is the famous Hector of the First Trojan War. He was of great help to Priam. Teutschram, king of the Germans of Transylvania and son-in-law of Priam also sent help. 19. Frank (Francus or Franco) 41 1155-1114 Son of Heccar. From him descended the German Franks or Franconians. In his days Amar, queen of the German Amazons, burned the temple in Ephesus. 20. Wolfheim Siclinger 58 1114-1056 Son of Frank. He sent another great migration of settlers from Germany to the Black Sea. 21. Kels, Gal and Hillyr 50 1056-1006 Sons of Wolfheim. They divided their father's realm after his death. Hillyr received Illyria, Gal received Gaul and Kels received Germany. Hillyr had three daughters and six sons, all of whom settled in the regions of the Balkans, Thrace and Greece. 22. Alber 60 1006-946 Son of Gal, ruled together with his six cousins. The center of his government was in France. 23. Walther, Panno and Schard 62 946-884 Another son of Gal, ruled together with Panno and Schard, the grandsons of Hillyr. From Walther Italy is called Walhen or Walschland. Panno gave his name to Pannonia. From Schard came the Schardinger or Schordisci. 24. Main, Žngel and Treibl 70 884-814 Sons of Walther, ruled jointly with Treibl, son of Panno. From Žngel are descended the Angles who lived in Thringen and Meissen. 25. Myela, Laber and Penno 100 814-714 They ruled jointly. 26. Venno and Helto 70 714-644 Ruled jointly. Helto invaded and settled in Italy, expelling the former inhabitants. 27. Mader (Madyas) 55 644-589 Made extensive conquests. He built Milan. He led a German campaign as far as Syria and Palestine. Of his sons, Balweis received Lombardy, Sigweis Bavaria, and Brenner Thringen and Meissen. 28. Brenner II and Koenman 110 589-479 Brenner was the son of Mader. He was an "Engl„nder" and king of the Schwaben. His wife was Th„m„rin (Tomyris), queen of the Getae, Dacians and Scythians. Brenner sent her troops to help in the war against Cyrus. He also defeated Darius who tried to invade the lower Danube region. Together Brenner and Th„m„rin conquered much of Asia Minor as far as Armenia. His nephew K”nman, son of Sigweis, was king of the Bavarians. Brenner expelled K”nman and 300,000 Bavarians from Bohemia and resettled that region with Schwaben, who then became known as Markmannen. Some of the expelled Bavarians settled in Bavaria proper, but by far the largest number of them crossed the Alps into Italy, from where they drove out some of the Etruscans. After the death of K”nman, the Bavarians of Italy were ruled by the kings Zeck, Ber (who built Bern or Verona) and Breitmar. 29. Landein with his sons 80 479-399 Ant„r and R”g„r 30. Brenner III 38 399-361 Son of Breitmar, was king over both Schwaben and Bavarians, and reigned over Germany and Italy. Under his leadership the Schwaben and Bavarians sacked Rome. He had sons H”rkaz, Matsch”r, Guotfrid and Schirm. His daughter Gueta was married to Philip of Macedon. Burning of Rome (July 390) occurred in his 9th year. 31. Schirm 361-263 Son of Brenner III. He and his son Brenner IV ruled until 60 years after death of Alexander -- although Brenner IV dies earlier. Brenner led a massive German invasion into Greece, plundered Macedonia and the oracle at Delphi, but was killed in 279 B.C. 32. Thessel 85 279-194 Son of Brenner IV, ruled jointly with his uncle Lauther and his brother Euring. Lauther, with his brother Lebmner, broke into Asia Minor with 20,000 men and settled in Cappadocia and Phrygia. Thessel's sons Breitmar, Ernvest and Wirdm„r ruled over the Bavarians in Italy. His wife, Teutscha, was queen of Istria. The Romans defeated the Bavarians in Italy, killing Wirdm„r and 40,000 of his men. 33. Dieth I no length given 194-172 Son of Thessel, ruled jointly with his son Diethmer. Diethmer invaded Palestine on behalf of Antiochus IV, took many Jews captive and settled them in Germany near Regensburg. Soon afterwards Hannibal attacked Italy and many of the Bavarians from Northern Italy joined him against Rome. After Hannibal's defeat there followed a war between the Romans and Bavarians in northern Italy which lasted 12 years. Finally, weary of fighting, the Bavarians left Italy, where they had dwelt for almost 400 years, and settled in Pannonia. Dieth was also driven from Italy, whereupon Diethmer, in retaliation, persuaded Philip V of Macedon to renew his hostilities with Rome. Entz and Olor, German kings in Istria and Transylvania, aided Philip, but Rome won. In Asia Minor Rome launched an attack against the German kings Orthjag, Gompelmer, G„udhor, Orgsgund and Eposgnad. These retreated eastward over the Halys, where they were defeated, sued for peace, and swore never to raid foreign nations again. The Romans also defeated king Entz of Istria. 34. Baermund and Synpol 45 172-127 Ruled after the death of Dieth I and Diethmer. 35. Boiger, Kels and 27 127-100 Teutenbuecher They ruled jointly over the Germans and Bavarians in 127 B.C. They gathered an army of 300,000 Saxons and Bavarians, intending to invade and resettle Italy, from which they had been driven some 70 years earlier. They were, however, defeated by Marius at Aquae Sextiae (102 B.C.) and Vercellae (101 B.C.). Boiger died, having reigned 27 years. 36. Scheirer 30 100-70 Mithridates tried to enlist his aid in the struggles against Rome. 37. Ernst (Arionistus) and Vocho 20 70-50 Ernst was king over Germany and France, his brother-in-law, Vocho, over Bavaria, Austria and Hungary. Ernst invaded France, fought there for 14 years, and settled it with 120,000 Germans. Next 33,000 Bavarians decided to go via France and Spain into Italy. They were joined by the Helvetti. Julius Caesar defeated them, sent the Helvetii back home, but allowed the Bavarians to settle in Burgundy. Caesar also defeated king Ernst. 38. Pernpeist 10 50-40 He made a treaty with Persia against the Romans, made raids into Greece and even attacked Apulia and Naples by sea. The Bavarians, having been driven from Italy, lived near the Drave and Danube for 127 years. In the times of Ernst and Pernpeist they left their homes, sailed down the Danube and settled near the Vistula, Dniester and Dnieper, where they remained some 550 years. The name of the Bavarians is not encountered again for some 500 years, till the time of Attila. 39. Cotz, Dieth II and circa 40-13 Creitschir In 13 B.C. Augustus made an attack against the Germans on the Danube. Later he settled 40,000 Westphalians, Hessians and Schwaben on the west bank of the Rhine. Virtual anarchy now began to reign among the German tribes. There were anti-Roman and pro-Roman factions and these split whole tribes and even families. The ruling families soon killed each other off in family feuds and inter-tribal warfare. The royal house that next dominated Germany came from the Sicambrian Franks. Their history appears later in the "Compendium", chapter XII A. CHAPTER III ABRAHAM IN EARLY EUROPEAN HISTORY For centuries students have been taught that Europe was one of late areas of the world to become civilized. Educational tradition would have us believe that Egyptians were erecting mighty temples of stone, had wide astronomical knowledge, knew how to write, thousands of years before Western Europe came to the threshold of civilization. While Egyptians and Babylonians were arrayed in gorgeous robes and painted with cosmetics, historians would have Europe's forests sparcely populated with naked white savages. Europe's dominant place in world affairs is, we are told, a relatively new phenomenon. Nothing could be further from the truth! EUROPE'S EARLY HISTORY SUPPRESSED European civilization -- and its history -- is as old as Egypt's. But it has been suppressed. Not since the close of the seventeenth century has it been allowed to be taught publicly. It did not happen in a day. It took centuries of calculated plotting and ridicule to wipe from the pages of history the record of early Europe. Historians and theologians have conspired together to label Europe's early history as "myth." Their motive is plain. If theologians and historians had allowed the early history of Europe to be taught in schools and universities, they would have had to admit the authenticity and the authority of the Bible. THAT they did not want to do. Had they not expunged the early events of Europe every one today would be reading of the journeys of Noah, Shem, Heber, Asshur and many other Biblical heroes into Europe. Children would be reading in schools today of the early settlement of Assyrians and Chaldeans in Western Europe. They would know where the "Ten Lost Tribes" of the House of Israel migrated. All this has been purposely hidden. But it has not all been lost. Scattered through the writings of scholars of the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are fragmentary records which unveil what really happened in Europe. In museums and libraries, in state archives are still to be found documents of hoary antiquity corroborating the Biblical record. This chapter contains the account of one of those documents. It is a history of the Danubian Valley -- the area of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Bavaria and neighboring regions. The document is the "Oesterreichische Chronik" -- the Austrian Chronicle. It has never before been rendered into modern English. A number of copies of the Chronicle are scattered throughout Europe. The last entry in the Chronicle is of the year 1404. ABRAHAM IN THE AUSTRIAN CHRONICLE The Austrian Chronicle begins its consecutive history with a man of princely birth -- none other than the patriarch Abraham! But what has Abraham to do with the history of the Danubian Valley in Europe? Very much. The most ancient Greek name for the Danube River was the River Noe. Noe is the Greek form of the Hebrew Noah. Noah was the patriarch of the whole human family following the flood. His patriarchal authority passed on to Shem, who superseded his older brother Japheth. In each succeeding generation the hereditary right of the firstborn was passed on from father to son. Terah was eighth in descent from Shem (Genesis 11:10-26), and the heir to Noah and Shem. Terah had, according to the Biblical record, three sons. The oldest, Haran, was born when Terah was 70 years old (Gen. 11:26). He died before his father Terah did (Gen 11:28). "And Haran died in the presence of his father Terah in the land of his nativity, in Ur of the Chaldees." Why Haran died young will be made plain shortly from the Austrian Chronicle. Replacing Haran as heir was Terah's second son, Abram (whose name was later changed to Abraham). In the year 1941 God called Abraham to forsake his kindred, his country -- everything. "Now the Lord said unto Abram: 'Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto the land that I will show thee. And I will bless thee, and make thy name great ...'" (Gen. 12:1-2). Abram had to give up his hereditary privileges. Though he was a "mighty prince" (Gen. 23:6), he willingly forsook his inherited rights. "So Abram went, "declares verse 4. Now consider the Austrian Chronicle. It begins with the birth of Abram (he is called Abraham throughout the Chronicle) under the Assyrian Count Sattan of Aligem (sect 41). (Several of the earliest geographic names in the Chronicle are otherwise unknown from contemporary records.) Abram "took to wife Susanna from the land of Samam, the daughter of Terromant and his wife Sanyet." Of this union we read in Scripture: "And Abraham gave all that he had unto Isaac. But unto the sons of the concubines, that Abraham had, Abraham gave gifts, and he sent them away from Isaac his son, while he yet lived, eastward, unto the east country" -- Assyria (Gen. 25:5-6). From the Austrian Chronicle we learn that "Abraham and Susanna had a son Achaim." Then "Abraham of Temonaria and Count Sattan of Aligemorum had war with each other, till Abraham was driven from the land in poverty." It was in this war that Haran, Abram's older brother, was slain. Abram was driven out of Count Sattan's realm and fled to the Danube River Valley in 1945, according to the Chronicle. There he built a home and settled until the death of Count Sattan. It was now 1942 -- three years after Abram fled. Abram, according to the Chronicle, took Achaim and Susanna and went to the land of Judeisapta -- "the Jews' land" -- Palestine, according to the Bible. (The later scribes who copied the Austrian Chronicle assumed it was the Danube Valley because Jews were later settled there also.) From Palestine Abraham sent away eastward to Assyria Susanna and Achaim (in Isaac's second year). From there they journeyed to the Danubian settlement Abram made years before. The previous chapter revealed that the Danubian Valley was then under Assyrian hegemony. The following sequence of landgraves and dukes is taken from the standard text of the "Oesterreichische Chronik" -- the Austrian Chronicle. Variations in spelling are at times included. The lengths of reign and dates are in every case those of the Chronicle, which correctly preserves the chronology beginning three years before the call of Abram. Rulers Lengths of Reign Dates Abraham 30 1945-1915 Susanna, Abraham's 19 1915-1896 concubine, departs Palestine for Assyria, and then the Danubian Valley. Achaim, Abraham and 45 1896-1851 Susanna's son, married a Hungarian countess named Nannaym. They had four children; one daughter, Volim; another, Rawlint; a son, Laptan; and a third daughter, Remmanna. Raban -- Volim's husband, 45 1851-1806 a baron from Bohemia; they have one son, Laptan. He changed the name of his duchy from Arratim to Sawricz. Laptan -- Raban and 3 1806-1803 Volim's son, dies without wife and heir. Laptan, Achaim's son, 49 1803-1754 marries a countess from Bohemia by name of Rama. They added Steiermark to their hereditary land. Had two sons, Rimer and Nynter. Rymer, died without wife (6 months) (1754) and heir. Nymer (Nynter), made the 52 1754-1702 margraviate to a dukedom, called himself "Nynter, a Heathen, duke of Sawricz." Married a duchess called Sinna. Only son is Lynal. Lynal, called the land 32 1702-1670 Sannas, after his wife; married a countess from Hungary called Synna. They had three children: a son, Rantan; a daughter, Lengna; and another son, Poyna. Rantan, died without wife (3 months) (1670) and heir. Poyna (Peynna, Pyna), 51 1670-1619 Lynal's youngest son, married a duchess from Bohemia, named Sanna. They had four children: a daughter, Sinna, and three sons, Pynan, Lippan, and Rimman. Pynan, died without wife and 1 1619-1618 neir. Lippan, died without wife (14 days) (1618) and heir. Rymman, died without wife (6 months) (1618) and heir. Zawan (Zaban, Sawan), 61 1618-1557 Synna's husband, a Hungarian duke. They have one son Rattan. Rattan (Nattan) marries a 67 1557-1490 duchess from Bohemia, named Sanna. They had two sons, Reymar and Noro. Reymar (Rymmar) died (1 1/2 months) (1490) without wife and heir. Noro (Nero), marries a 43 1490-1447 wife from Carinthia, named Lenna; they had two children, a daughter, Sanna; and a son, Aucz. Aucz, changed the name 57 1447-1390 of the land from Sannas to Pannaus, called him self "Aucz, a Heathen." Married Lenna, a duchess from Bohemia. They had one son, Nonas. Nonas, marries Lenna, a 57 1390-1333 duchess from Lanazz. They had a daughter, Sinna. Tanton (Tonton), count 40 1333-1293 from Panticz, marries Sinna; they had two sons, Tatan and Remar. Remar died before his father. Tatan (Taton), marries 61 1293-1232 duchess from Bohemia, named Synnan (Synna); both later buried at the Danube near Vienna. They had two daughters, Sanna and Lany (Lanus). Older daughter died a year after father. Mantan (Manthan, Mathan), 49 1232-1183 a duke from Bohemia, marries Lany. They had a` son, Manan. Manan, marries Hungarian 59 1183-1124 countess, Lenna. They had a son Nanaym, and a daughter Senna. Senna died before her father. Nanaim (Nananaym, Nanaym) 38 1124-1086 marries Menna (Manna), a Hungarian duchess. They had two daughters, Lenna and Zema (Sema), and a son Ramaim. Lenna died unmarried. Ramaim (Ramaym) died a year after his father. Mangais (Mangaizz, Mangrizz, 46 1086-1040 Magais), a duke from Hungary, marries Zema. He changes the name of the land from Pannauz (Pannawz) to Tantamo (Tantamus). He calls himself "Mangais, a Heathen." They had one son Manan. Manan, marries a 55 1040-985 Bohemian duchess named Sinna (Suma, Sanna, Samia). They had one daughter, Semna (Senna). Laptan, a Hungarian duke 67 985-918 marries Semna. They had one son, Lanan. Lanan, married Sanna (Senna), 51 918-867 a duchess from Bohemia. They had two daughters, Sanna and Senna, and a son, Maran. Senna died before her father. Maran, died without wife and (6 months) (867) heir Manay, a duke from Bohemia, 54 867-813 marries Sanna. They had a son, Tantan (Tanton), and a daughter, Lemna (Lenna). Lemna died unmarried. Tantan, married Hungarian 57 813-756 duchess named Malan (Malon). They had two sons, Zanan (Sanan, Janan) and Peyman, and a daughter, Peynin (Peyn, Peymin). Zanan, died without wife (3 months) (756) and heir. Peyman, married Hungarian 48 756-708 duchess named Lanna. They had three sons, Nanman (spelled also Nannan, Mannan, and Nanan), Gennan and Saptan. After the death of Peyman and Lanna, who had both been heathen, the "Oesterreichische Chronik" records that the whole country accepted the Jewish faith! The next chapter reveals how and why it happened! CHAPTER IV JEWS GAIN POWER IN DANUBE CIVILIZATION How did this unique influence of the Jews in Eastern Europe begin? Scholars and historians -- many of them Jews -- have puzzled over the presence of the huge Jewish population in Eastern Europe. There is no recorded evidence that they migrated from Babylon after the Babylonian captivity. Nor are they the descendants from the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in A.D. 70. Who, then, brought the Jews into Eastern Europe seven centuries before the birth of Jesus. The answer has been in the Bible all these years! It is found in II Kings 18:13-16. "Now in the fourteenth year of king Hezekiah did Sennacherib king of Assyria come up against all the fortified cities of Judah, and took them. And Hezekiah king of Judah sent to the king of Assyria to Lachish, saying: 'I have offended; return from me; that which thou puttest on me will I bear.' And the king of Assyria appointed unto Hezekiah king of Judah three hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold. And Hezekiah gave him all the silver that was found in the house of the Lord, and in the treasures of the king's house. At that time did Hezekiah cut off the gold from the doors of the temple of the Lord, and from the door-posts which Hezekiah king of Judah had overlaid, and gave it to the king of Assyria." A parallel account may be read in either II Chronicles 32 or Isaiah 36. Notice the dates of this event -- the fourteenth year of Hezekiah -- 711-710. Sennacherib was at this time associated with his father on the throne of Assyria. A vigorous general, he captured all the fortified cities of Judah except Jerusalem, enslaved the inhabitants. Where he carried them had been unknown to historians. But the answer is preserved for us in the "Austrian Chronicle". He carried them into Eastern Europe along the Danube River. But how could an Assyrian king of Nineveh plant tens of thousands of Jewish captives in Europe? -- because Central Europe was then part of the Assyrian Empire. JEWISH KINGS FROM AUSTRIAN CHRONICLE Rulers Lengths of Reign Dates Gennan, middle son of Peyman, 4 708-704 became duke. He was overcome, records the Austrian Chronicle, by the Jews and was circumcised, accepted Jewish marriage customs, put away images and acknowledged the Hebrew faith. He called himself "Gennan, a Jew." There were not yet any Jewish noble, willing to give their daughters in marriage to him. So he died without wife and heir. Nanman and Saptan, sons of 61 704-643 Peyman, split the country. Nanman chose the lower and Septan the upper part. Nanman married a Hungarian duchess called Meynin (Mennin). Saptan became the Master over his brother and over all the land, also changed its name to Mittanauz. He married a Bohemian duchess called Salaim (Salan, Salann, Salim), who was a Jewess. They had two sons, Tanton and Rippan. Tanton died without wife before his father. Rippan, a Jew, married a 57 643-586 countess from Penenaw (Pennawe), named Menna. They had one son, Lantawz, and two daughters, Pamyn and Rachaym. Lantawz and Pamyn (Panym) died unmarried before their father. Salant, a Jew, a duke from 45 586-541 Hungary, married Rachaim. They had one son, Piltan II (Pilton, Pilkan) who died. After both this son and Salant had died, Rachaim remarried. Laptan, a Jew from Bohemia, 15 541-526 married Rachaim. Changed the name of the land from Mittanauz (Mittenaus) to Fannau (Fannawe). They died without an heir. At that time there ruled 40 526-486 a Jewish duke in Hungary, called Almantan. He usurped the power and conquered the dukedom of Fannaw. Almantan brought with him his wife, a Bohemian duchess, named Schlammyn (Schalmmyn). She was Jewish. They had two sons, Rantanaiz and Halman (Halbman). Halman became duke of Hungary. Rantanaiz (Rattans), in 57 486-429 his day the name of the land was changed from Fannaw to Aurata. He called himself "Rattanaiz, a Jew." Married Bohemian duchess called Sawlin (Sawlim). They had a son who died without name, and a daughter, Lenna. Rettan, Hungarian duke, 45 429-384 marries Lenna. He changed the name of the land from Aurata to Fyla. They had a son, Manton (Montan). Flanton, married Sanna, 54 384-330 a duchess from Bavaria. They had a son, Hegan and a daughter, Semyn. Hegan died unmarried before his father. Rattan, a Hungarian duke, 39 330-291 marries Semyn. They had one son, Attalon. Attalon, married a Bohemian 57 291-234 duchess, Magalim. They had three sons, Raban, Penyn and Effra, and Semna, a daughter. Semna died young. Penyn also died without wife and heir. Raban (Rawan, Raban), (6 months) (234) married a Bohemian duchess called Sancta (Santta, Santla). They died without Elelr. Effra, Attalon's youngest 49 234-185 son, married Hungarian duchess, Samaym, who was Jewish. They had one son, Naban. Naban, married a Hungarian 52 185-133 duchess, a Jewess, Samanna. They had a son, Rolan, and a daughter, Signa who died unmarried. Rolan (Nolan), changed the 32 133-101 name of the land from Fyla to Rarasma. Married a Hungarian duchess, Sanna. They had two daughters, Eminna and Sanna. Eminna died unmarried. Remar (Reinar, Reimar), 53 101- 48 a Bohemian duke, married Sanna. They had one son, Natan. Natan, married Hungarian 41 48- 7 duchess, Satym (Satyn). They had two daughters, Masym and Rachym. Masym, a duchess. She 2 1/2 7- 5 died before marrying. Her sister Rachym obtained the duchy. Raban (Naban), a Bohemian 51 5 B.C. to 47 A.D. duke, married Rachim. They had two sons, Lanat (Lenat, Lamer, Laniar), and Sannet (Samet, Samer). Lanat died young. Sannet, married a Hungarian 34 47- 81 duchess, Enna. They had a son, Laban, and a daughter, Racha (spelled also Ratha, Rachaym, Rathaym). Laban died before his father. Saptan, duke from Bohemia 42 81-123 married Racha. They had a son, Salamet (Salamer), and a daughter, Semna (Sanna, Senna). Salamet died unmarried before his father. Rolant, a Bohemian duke 52 123-175 marries Semna. They had a son, Rattan, a daughter, Amama II (Amania), and another son, Jannat (Jannas, Jannet, Jamer). Rattan and Amama died without heir before their father. Jannat (Jannett Janner), 51 175-226 changed the name of his inheritance from Rarasma to Corrodancia. Married a Bohemian duchess called Samanna. They had a son, Manton (Montan). With him ended the predominance of the Jewish faith, and the land lapsed again to Heathenism. Manton 45 226-271 In his time heathen from Hungary and other lands forced Manton to become a heathen and to pray to images. "He called himself Manton, a Heathen." He married a heathen duchess from Hungary, named Signa. They had two sons, Natan (Mathan) and Reptan. Reptan died young and unmarried. END OF JEWISH PREDOMINANCE The sudden influx of heathenism in the hitherto predominantly Jewish patrimony was due to a mass migration from the east. This was the period of the last famous Odin or Wodan -- king of the Saxons from 256-300. He led numerous tribes from Eastern Europe following the Roman attack upon Dacia (the modern Romania). The story of Wodan will be made plain in a succeeding chapter. Natan, married a duchess 51 271-322 from Hungary named Salymna (Salynna). They had two sons, Salanata and Hemna (Hemma, Henna, Honna). The latter died without heir. Salanata, married a 41 322-363 Bohemian duchess called Alamynn. They had one son, Rattan, a heathen. Rattan, married a Bohemian 32 363-395 duchess, Sympna (Synna, Symna). They had a son, Fultan (Sultan, Fulkan, Fullan) who died without heir before his father. Rolant, a heathen Hungarian 51 395-446 duke was established in Corrodancia by the Romans. He brought along his wife, a Bohemian duchess called Salympna (Salymna). They had one son, Sattan. Sattan, married a Hungarian 51 446-497 duchess, Samynna. From now on the dukes in Corrodancia, were Catholic nobles. Sattan and Samynna died without an heir. The Romans established Amman, a noble count, in Corrodancia. He secretly believed and practiced Catholicism. Amman, changed the name 43 497-540 of the land from Corrodancia to Avara. He brought along his wife Helena, a secret Christian. Later known as "St. Amman" and "St. Helena," they converted much of the population. When the Romans found it out they slew Amman and many of the people, but not Helena. They had three sons, Johanns, Albrecht, and Dietreich. A11 three became dukes of Avara and changed the name to Osterland. They split the land and Johanns became the chief over his two brothers. Johanns, married a 32 540-572 noble countess from Rome called Anna. They had no heir. Albrecht became duke of Osterland, since Dietreich died shortly after Johanns. Albrecht, changed the 31 572-603 name of the land from Osterland to Oesterreich -- now the official name of Austria. He married a duchess from Bohemia, Katherin. They had a son Eberhart, a daughter Ann, and another son, Johanns. Johanns and Anna died shortly after their father. Eberhart, married Osanna, 32 603-635 a duchess from Bavaria. They had two sons, Jacob and Albrecht. They both died before father and mother Thereafter the land was turned into a margraviate. Hainreich, duke from Bohemia 30 635-665 was given Austria by the Roman emperor. Hainreich (Henry), became Margrave of Austria. He brought with him his wife, a duchess from Hungary named Ursula. They had no heir. Otto -- Hainreich granted 18 665-683 Austria to Otto of Hungary. He styled himself "Otto, by the grace of God, Margrave of Austria and Duke of Hungary." Married a duchess from Bohemia called Elsbet. They had two sons, Chunrat and Johans. Johans died young. Chunrat, made the 50 683-733 margraviate a dukedom. He styled himself "Chunrat, by the grace of God a Roman king, always a multiplier of the empire, and duke of Austria. His wife was Anna, a Hungarian duchess. They had three sons, Hainreich, Steffan and Albrecht. They split the land and Albrecht became chief. Albrecht, married a 49 733-782 Bohemian duchess, Salme (Salome). They had two sons, Ludweig and Fridreich. They divided the land. Ludweig, was the higher 32 782-814 duke in Austria. Married a duchess from Hungary named Elena. They had a son, Johannes and a daughter, Dorothea, who died before her father. Johannes, married a duchess 49 814-863 from Bohemia called Anna. They had one son, Hainreich. Hainreich, married a 31 863-894 duchess from Hungary named Ursula. They had three sons, Johanns, Steffan and Philipp. Steffan and Philipp died young. Johannes, married Margareta, 28 894-922 duchess from Bohemia. They had two sons, Albrecht and Ludweig. Albrecht died unmarried prior to his father. Ludweig, married a duchess 42 922-964 from Hungary called Elsbet. They had one son, Albrecht. Albrecht, married a duchess 28 964-992 from Bohemia, Osanna. They had two sons, Ott and Hainreich. Ott died unmarried prior to his father. Albrecht was a contemporary of Leopold, duke of the rising House of Babenberg. Leopold was appointed by Otto II of Germany as supreme ruler of the Austrian mark. Hainreich, or Henry, 28 992-1020 succeeded; married a Hungarian duchess called Margareta. They had two sons, Peter and Johanns, and a daughter, Elisabet (Elspeth). Peter and Johanns 1 1/2 1020-1021 Johanns was duke jointly with Peter of Austria for a year and a half, when he died without wife and heir. Peter 3 1021-1024 succeeded as duke for three years and also died without heir. His dukedom passed to the Babenbergs. In 976 the chief authority in Austria had passed to the House of Babenberg. The powerful rule of the Babenbergs -- and the interrelationships of the royal families -- may be found in any thorough English or German history of Austria. The Babenbergs became extinct in 1246. Thereafter the realm passed into the hands of the famous Hapsburgs. With this the history of early southeastern Europe, which began in the days of Abraham, closes. CHAPTER V THE CONQUESTS OF ODIN AND DANISH HISTORY Many a school boy has heard of Odin, the great Norse hero. But how many realize that Odin was a real king of Denmark? That he founded the kingdom of Denmark in the days of David, king of Israel? That he visited Solomon's temple? of that Odin was the first Danish king to cross the Atlantic -- as did Danish Vikings centuries later? For centuries Danes revered the history of their nation. Not until the atheistic educational philosophy of German schools permeated their country did the Danes discard the early history of their nation. Modern historians, imbued with the idea that myth was the only form in which early man knew how to write, treat all Danish history as myth. They have never investigated to see whether it were so. of course myth was grafted in the Middle Ages on the early history of Denmark. That tragedy befell all nations under the sway of religious superstition in the Middle Ages. But that does not prove that the essential core of early Danish history is invalid. Today historians labor under the delusion that history was artificially created after traditional mythology had long been established. Not so. Recorded and traditional history around the world was carefully preserved in palaces and royal libraries. Only later did myth embrace history, WHAT THE HISTORY OF DENMARK REVEALS Now is the time to restore the lost history of Denmark. The most accessible outline of Danish history is that found in Anderson's "Royal Genealogies". Many other volumes contribute to the story, but only Anderson's work correctly preserves in English the chronology of the early period. Danish written history properly begins with the first king to bear rule over the Danish or Cymbric peninsula. That king was Danus I. In Danish history he is also called Dan I. He was the first Odin or Votan -- from the Hebrew "adonai" meaning "lord." Denmark originally received its name from the tribe of the Danaan. It passed to the king who took the name of the subjects over whom he ruled. King Dan I commenced his reign in 1040. This was the year of the break-up of the German realm. The division of German territory among the three sons of Wolfheim -- Kells, Gall and Hiller -- left the seafarers of the far northwest of Europe without leadership. To fill the void the German and Hebrew inhabitants of Denmark called upon the scion of the Trojan House to reign over them. That scion was Dan I. He lived at the time in Thrace. THE GENEALOGY OF DAN I The present kings of Northwestern Europe and Great Britain are all related to Dan I of Denmark. The "Saxon Chronicle" commences the line of Dan I with the following two names: "Noah, Sem." Thereafter a long break occurs in the genealogy -- similar to the Biblical statement: "Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham" (Matthew l:l). This gap in Odin's genealogy is partially filled in by the Icelandic "Langfedgatal". After Sem, the "Langfedgatal" gives the following genealogy on Odin's father's side: "Saturnus of Krit Jupiter Darius Erichhonius Troes Ilus Lamedon Priam, King of Troy Minon or Memnon, who married Priam's daughter. Their son was Tror, whom we call Thor, the father of Hloritha. Thor Einridi Vingethorr Vingener Moda Magi Seskef, or Sescef." In Danish literature Seskef -- sometimes spelled Sceaf -- is a title of Odin. It means a "sheaf" of grain. Odin claimed to be a kind of savior, or a lord. He laid claim to being the sheaf that symbolically represented the Messiah (Leviticus 23:9-14). But why should Dan I, a king of Denmark, copy a ceremony perpetuated by the law of Moses? Is there a connection between Odin and Israel? The answer is found in who Saturnus of Krit, ancestor of Odin, really was. In modern English the name would be Saturn of Crete. There were many Saturns in antiquity, often confused with one another. Usually the name was applied to a man who flees or who hides himself. Saturn is a Latin word derived from a root meaning to flee into hiding. The Greek term was Kronos. This particular Saturn of Crete was so famous that the Phoenician historian Sanchoniathon spoke of him. Fragments of his works have been preserved by Eusebius in "Preparation of the Gospel", book i, ch. x. Here are his words: "For Kronus or (Saturn), whom the Phoenicians call Israel ...." ("Corey's Ancient Fragments of the Phoenician, Carthaginian, Babylonian, Egyptian and other Authors", by E. Richmond Hodges, page 21.) Israel was the name of Jacob. That would make Odin a son of Shem and a son of Jacob. But why was Jacob called Saturn? Because Jacob became famous for fleeing or hiding from his enemies. Jacob's mother warned him of his brother Esau's wrath: "Now, therefore, my son, hearken to my voice; and arise, flee thou to Laban my brother in Haran" (Genesis 27:43). "And it was told Laban ... that Jacob was fled" -- this time back to Palestine. (Gen. 31:22). But how is one to account for the title to Crete in Jacob's name? Certainly Jacob did not have title to it prior to descending into Egypt. The answer is, Jacob obtained it from Pharaoh in Egypt. Here are the facts. Egypt was a vast Mediterranean power in the days of Jacob. One of the areas early settled by Egyptians was the island of Crete, an important naval gateway in the Mediterranean. From Crete -- Caphtor in Hebrew -- came the Philistines (Jer. 47:4 and Amos 9:7). The Philistines descended from Mizraim, father of the Egyptians (Gen. 10:13-14). Ruling over the Egyptians and Philistines in Crete and the eastern Nile Delta was a little-known dynasty of Egyptian kings. They are mentioned in the "Book of Sothis" by Sncellus. Manetho does not include them among his dynasties. The king of this dynasty, who was subject to the jurisdiction of the great Pharaoh in Egypt, was Rameses (l744-1715). Because of Joseph's service to the Egyptian government, the Pharaoh transferred primary title to the Land from the line of Rameses to the line of Israel -- and that included not only Goshen, but Crete! And that is how Israel (Jacob) anciently obtained title to the island of Crete. The "Langfedgatal" genealogy of Odin of Denmark may therefore be clarified as follows: Saturnus of Krit -- Israel or Jacob (1856-1709) Jupiter, son of Saturn of Krit -- Judah Darius, descendant of Jupiter (Judah) -- is Dara or Darda (see the family name in I Chronicles 2:4,6); Josephus calls him Dardanus (1477-1412); he fled Italy and founded Troy (the Norse geneaology skips the names of Tarah and Mahol between Judah and Darda) Erichhonius -- Ericthonius (1412-1366), second king of Troy Troes -- Tros (1366-1326), third king of Troy Ilus -- Illus (1326-1277), fourth king of Troy Lamedon -- Laomedon (1277-1233), fifth king of Troy Priam -- Priamus (1233-1181), king of Troy during first Trojan war. Eighth in descent from Priam was Seskef, who was Danus I or Odin (Votan), first king of Denmark -- 1040-999. Odin was a Hebrew, of the line of Judah, from whom the chief rulers were to come. "For Judah prevailed above his brethren, and of him came the chief ruler" (I Chron. 5:2). Now consider over whom Odin ruled in Northwest Europe. "HU THE MIGHTY" King Danus' realm extended far beyond the reaches of the Danish peninsula. The people over whom he ruled were a collection of tribes which constituted the greatest sea power of the time -- the Pelasgians or sea people. From the list of sea powers, commented on in Volume I of the Compendium, it is proved that the Pelasgians were Hebrews and their allies. Their chief center of habitation was Palestine. Denmark was one of several overseas settlements. Israel gained power in 1057, shortly before the break-up of Germany in Europe. They retained it until 972, when Solomon's kingdom in Palestine was split. For the Israelites to have obtained dominion of the sea in 1057 in the Mediterranean and Atlantic presupposes that they already were living along the western shores of Europe before that date. When and how did the Children of Israel migrate to Western Europe? The answer is found in Cymbric or Welsh history. A fragmentary Welsh record, called the Welsh Triad, reads as follows: "First was the race of the Cymry, who came with Hu Gadarn to Ynys Prydain." Hu came from "the land of summer" -- a land located somewhere in what later constituted the realm of Constantinople (the capital of the eastern Roman Empire). He journeyed to Ynys Pridain -- the Welsh name of the Isle of Britain. This first major settlement preceded the migration in 1149 of Brutus of Troy to Britain. Who was Hu Gadarn? Gadarn is a Welsh word. It means the "Mighty." Hu was a short form of the Old Celtic name Hesus ("Origines Celticae", by Edwin Guest, vol. 2, p. 9). Hesus is the Celtic -- and also the Spanish -- pronunciation of Jesus. Was there a famous "Jesus" who lived in the balmy summerland of the eastern Mediterranean centuries before the time of Jesus the Christ? Most certainly! It is found in Hebrews 4:8, "For if Jesus that is, Joshua) had given them rest, then would he not afterward have spoken of another day." Jesus was merely the Greek form of the Hebrew name Joshua. Hu or Hesus the Mighty was Joshua the Mighty, the great general who led Israel into Palestine. And the Welsh Triad records that in his later years he also settled Israel peaceably in the British Isle. From there, for trading purposes, they spread to the coasts of the continent which were subject to the German Cymry -- the descendants of the German king Cimbrus (1679-1635). That is how Israel in Denmark came to be known by the tribal name of Cymry. As time elapsed the peninsula of Denmark became a chief area of trade and commerce. It is strategically located to dominate both North and Baltic sea trade. So together with the original German tribes of the Cymry and Dauciones were migrants from Britain. In 1040 the Hebrew Cymry called for a descendant of Judah, a royal scion of the House of Troy, to rule over them. Odin answered the call and led a migration out of Thrace into Denmark and neighboring regions. The deeds of Odin upon becoming king over the Cymry (sometimes spelled Cymbri) will be included in a later section on the American Indian. THE KINGS OF DENMARK Below is the genealogical and historical line of Judah that descended from Odin. Through intermarriage the line of Odin has permeated throughout Western Europe. Small wonder that the lion of Judah is the symbol on the coat of arms and shields of the royalty of Northwestern Europe. Kings of Denmark Lengths of Reign Dates 1. Danus I, or Odin 41 1040-999 first king of Denmark 2. Humblus, son of Odin 8 999-991 3. Lotherus, son of Odin 17 991-974 4. Boghius 5 974-969 5. Scioldus, son of Lotherus 80 969-889 6. Gram (or Gran) 31 889-858 Slain by Suibdagerus, a king of Norway, in battle; wives were Groa a Swede, and Signe of Finland. 7. Suibdagerus 40 858-818 King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, who, by force, married Gran's daughter and conquered Denmark. 8. Guthormus, son of Queen Signe 14 832-818 Reigned 14 years contemporary with Suibdagerus. 9. Hadingus, another son of 54 818-764 Signe and Gram 10. Frotho I, son of Hadingus 77 764-687 11. Haldanus I, son of Frotho 56 687-631 12. Rhoe, son of Haldanus 63 631-568 13. Helgo, son of Haldanus 34 628-594 Reigned contemporary with his brother. 14. Rolvo, son of Helgo by his 41 568-527 own daughter Ursa. Became king after death of Rhoe; was killed by Attile, king of Sweden, who conquered Denmark. 15. Hotherus, great-grandson 42 527-485 of Hadingus, son of king Hotobrodus of Sweden. King of Denmark and Sweden. 16. Roric Slyngeband, son of 49 485-436 Hotherus 17. Wigletus, son of Roric 48 436-388 18. Guitalchus 32 388-356 19. Vermundus, son of Wigletus 61 356-295 20. Uffe, son of Vermundus 30 295-265 21. Danus II, son of Uffe 37 265-228 22. Hugletus the Little, son 52 228-176 of Danus II 23. Frotho II, son of Hugletus 30 176-146 DENMARK ENTERS ROMAN HISTORY 24. Danus III, son of Frotho 69 146- 77 In his time the German Cymbrians joined the Teutons in a terrible war against Rome in 113. Italy would have been conquered if the consul Marius had not defeated them utterly. 25. Fridlevus I, the Swift, 37 77- 40 son of Danus 26. Frotho III, the Pacific, 54 40- 15 son of Fridlevus ("A.D.") King of Denmark, Sweden and Norway. INTERREGNUM for nearly 4 years 15- 19 27. Hiarnus, a poet 2 19- 21 28. Fridlevus II, son of Frotho 12 21- 33 29. Frotho IV, the Liberal, 46 33- 79 son of Fridlevus 30. Ingellus Wendemothius, 23 79-102 son of Frotho 31. Olaus I, son of Ingellus 10 102-112 32. Haraldus I, reigned 5 112-117 contemporary with brother 33. Frotho V, brother of 19 112-131 Haraldus 34. Haraldus II, son of 10 131-141 Haraldus I 35. Haldanus II, son of 15 131-146 Haraldus II Reigned 10 years contemporary with brother, 5 years alone. 36. Unquinus, king of Gothland, 9 146-155 succeeded son-in-law Haldanus in Denmark. 37. Sivaldus I, son of Unquinus 22 155-177 38. Sigarus, son of Sivaldus 13 177-190 39. Sivaldus II, son of 11 190-201 Sigarus INTERREGNUM -- Rule of 40 201-241 5 governors 40. Haldanus III, married 20 241-261 Guritha, granddaughter of Sigarus. 41. Haraldus III, (Hilletand 66 261-327 or Hilderand), son of Haldanus; died in Sweden after a seven-year war, during which time his daughter Haditha governed Denmark. 42. Olaus II, brother of 4 327-331 Haditha 43. Osmund, son of Olaus 10 331-341 44. Sivardus I, son of 9 341-350 Osmund 45. Buthlus, brother of 1 350-351 Sivardus 46. Jarmericus, son of 16 351-367 Sivardus 47. Broderus, son of 2 367-369 Jarmericus 48. Sivaldus III, son of 9 370-379 Broderus 49. Snio (or Sino), son of 22 379-401 Silvaldus. The next seven kings lived mostly abroad. They succeeded each other as father and son. 50. Roderic 10 401-411 51. Sueno I 55 411-467 52. Guitlachus 50 467-517 53. Haraldus IV 46 481-527 54. Eschyllus 16 527-543 55. Veremundus 78 543-621 56. Osmund II 75 621-696 The following kings lived in Denmark. 57. Biorno 4 696-701 58. Baldrus, son of Biorno 6 701-707 59. Haraldus V, son of Baldrus 8 707-715 60. Gormo I, son of Haraldus 50 715-765 61. Gotricus or Godfrey or 45 765-810 Sigfrid, commences invasions of England 787 62. Olaus III 1 810-811 Because Gotricus became the great legislator of the Danes, his reign is often begun from the year 777 as follows: Gotricus (or Godfrey), 33 777-810 called Sigfrid Olaus III or Olabus 2 810-812 Continuing: 63. Hemmingius or Hemmingus or 4 812-816 Heningus 64. Sivard II 2 816-818 65. Ringo, contemporary with 2 816-818 Sivard II 66. Regner 13 818-831 67. Harald VI 3 818-821 68. Sivard III, the last 3 831-834 heathen king of Denmark. CHRISTIANITY INTRODUCED ON THE THRONE 69. Eric I, the first king of 1 834-835 Denmark to adopt Christianity. During much of this and the preceding period Denmark was plagued by joint reigns, disputed succession, and lesser kings who seized on part of the realm. Whole tribes left the peninsula to settle permanently in England. They were called Danes, but were, in fact, of Anglo-Saxon stock. 70. Eric II, called Barno, 24 835-859 the Child 71. Canute I, surnamed the 20 859-879 Small 72. Frotho VI 1 879-880 73. Gormo II (or Guthran or 13 880-893 Gormund) 74. Harald VII, Parcus, or the 8 893-901 Niggard 75. Gormo III or Guthram or 30 901-931 or Godrum or Gormund 76. Harald VIII, called Blaatand 48 931-979 77. Sueno II or Suen-Otto, 35 979-1014 called Forked Beard 78. Ericus, King of Sweden 7 988-995 became King of Denmark in 988 for 7 years, till slain by his own servants, when Suen-Otto was restored by Scottish assistance. 79. Canute II or King Knut 21 1014-1035 the Great, united Scandinavia under his realm, it fell apart at his death. Became king of England 1016. From this date on any thorough work on Denmark will satisfactorily present its history. With the death of Canute a period of 2074 years ended since the founding of the monarchy. CHAPTER VI SCOTLAND -- KEY TO HISTORY OF NEW WORLD The Key to the history of the New World has been lost. Not a single historian or archaeologist knows the true origin of American Indian civilization. And no wonder! They have thrown away the keys to that history. One of those keys will be found in Danish history. The other -- and most important -- key in the checkered history of rugged Scotland. WHAT HISTORIANS CLAIM The famous eight-volume "History of Scotland", by John Hill Burton, begins the history of Scotland this way: "It is in the year 80 of the Christian era that the territory in later times known as Scotland comes out of utter darkness, and is seen to join the current of authentic history. In that year Julius Agricola brought Roman troops north ...." This is a typical -- but mistaken -- view of Scottish history. Historians have made an idol out of Roman records. What the Romans either refused to preserve, or carelessly neglected to record, is all too often treated with contempt by modern historians. Scotland was never long under the Roman heel. The Romans were not particularly interested in its rocky highlands. Consequently they did not occupy themselves with recording the major events of the past that befell its inhabitants. Today, numerous documents are available covering the history of Scotland from very early times. These chronicles are usually disparaged in historical circles -- or at most treated as quaint and curious documents. But to restore the lost history of Scotland from them is frowned on with disdain. Yet in these records are the missing links which, until now, have sundered the Old World from the New. It is time the true story of Scotland were made known. Here, in outline form, are the major events that make Scottish history. FIRST MAJOR SETTLEMENT The geographic location of Scotland is important in its history. Scotland is the link between Scandinavia and Britain and Ireland. Its shores provide control of the far reaches of the North Sea and the ocean. Scotland was consequently invaded, peaceably and by frightful devastation, several times in its history. The first permanent settlement of Scotland, for which we have recorded history, begins with the coming of Danus I of Denmark in 1040. When the Cimbric tribes called upon an heir of the Trojan throne to establish his domain in Denmark, Odin responded immediately. Out of southeastern Europe he marched into Denmark. Coming with him was a mixed tribe known as the Agathyrsi. Agathirsi was their name, declares an old Scottish Chronicle. ("Controversial Issues in Scottish History", by W. H. Gregg, p. 125.) Odin settled them in Scotland under their leader Cruithne -- after whom they were called Cruithnians or Cruithne. Herodotus, the Greek historian, traces the Agathyrsi to their origin in the Scythian plains of what is now the southern Ukraine The Agathyrsi were a mixed race. Various struggles led to a catastrophe among the Agathyrsi who came with Odin. They found themselves without women! As a consequence they sought wives among neighboring tribes. They landed in Ireland at the time of the establishment of the Milesian monarchy under Ghede the Herimon (1016-1002). Following a few skirmishess an agreement was reached. The Milesians of Ireland agreed to give wives to the Agathyrsi from their daughters on one condition: that the Agathyrsi would pass on their inheritance through their daughters, not their sons. This was to acknowledge that any royalty which might follow derived kingship from their Milesian wives, not from the Agathyrsi men. On this condition the Agathyrsi departed again for Scotland. LINE OF JUDAH IN SCOTLAND The women who journeyed in that day to Scotland were Milesians -- of the family of Mileadh. In volume I of the Compendium the history of the kingly line from Mileadh to the present throne in Great Britain was given in its entirety. Its ancient connection with the throne of David, in Judah, was made plain. But the genealogy of Mileadh was not included. The line of Mileadh, in Irish records, properly begins with Easru in Egypt. The name Easru is Old Irish for Ezra or Azariah. Easru was a friend of Moses. One Irish tradition has him crossing the Red Sea with the children of Israel. Another tradition has him journeying, after the Exodus, to Scythia. Irish annalists became confused by these two movements of Easru and his family. It never occurred to them that he might have crossed the Red Sea with Moses, and then, at a later time journeyed to Scythia. No Irish records preserve the ancestry of Easru or Azariah. Many myths were later created by Irish monks to account for this blank. It seems not to have occurred to them that the Bible might record the ancestry of Easru, ending at the Exodus. The previous volume of the Compendium established the significant fact that the symbol of the line of Easru and Mileadh was the Crimson or Red Branch -- signifying the royal line Zarah, Judah's son (Genesis 38:30). Now open the Bible to the genealogy of Judah. "And the sons of Zarah: Zimri, and Ethan, and Heman, and Calcol, and Dara .... And the sons of Ethan: Azariah" (I Chronicles 2:6, 8). Here is an Azariah, of the family of Judah -- and of Zarah, the Red Branch. Azariah was of the same generation as Moses -- both were great-great-grandsons of Jacob (compare with Exodus 6:16-20). Notice also that Azariah's descendants did not enter Palestine. His genealogy is not continued beyond the Exodus. That is significant. Further, the name Azariah in Hebrew is often shortened to Ezra (see any Biblical encyclopaedia). Its Old Irish form would be Easru. So here we have an Azariah (or Ezra), of the same generation as Moses, Living at the time of the Exodus, whose descendants did not settle in Palestine, and who was of the Crimson Branch. At the same time Irish history reveals an Easru -- Old Irish for Azariah or Ezra -- living in Moses' day, crossing the Red Sea, but not settling in Palestine, whose descendants in after generations used the symbol of the Crimson Branch! Here is the line of Zarah -- Judah! Easru is Azariah, Judah's great-great-grandson. In chart form (from the Bible and Stokvis' Manuel) the Milesian princely line appears thus: Jacob Judah Zarah Ezra Ethan Azariah, who is Easru Sru Eibher Scot Beogamon Ogamon Tait Agnamhan Lamhfinn Heber Glunfionn Agnonfinn Eimhear Glas Nenuaill Nuadhat Aldoid Earchada Deaghata Bratha Breogan Bile Mileadh Ghede the Herimon, now gave daughters of the royal family to the Cruithne. From these noble women sprang a line of kings that finally united with the Scots in the person of Kenneth Mac Alpin in 843. In after ages the Cruithne came to be known, falsely, as Picts. The true Picts were another people altogether -- an uncivilized people who painted themselves. Because the Cruithne ruled over the Picts who lived in the Scottish highlands, later writers called them both "Picts." The wild, unsettled Picts later disappeared from Scotland. Where? -- historians do not know. But Scottish history tells! But first, to summarize the story of the half-Jewish kings who descended from the Cruithnians and the Hebrew Milesian women. EARLIEST HISTORY OF SCOTLAND The complete king list -- and an accurate chronology of all the kings of the Cruithne -- has come down to us in the "Pictish Chronicle." The record begins with the first settlement of the Agathyrsi in 1040. That is the year they were planted in Northwest Europe by Odin of Denmark, who led them out of their ancient homeland in Thrace. The "Pictish Chronicle" begins with the name of Cruithne and seven sons, who divided the Scottish realm between them. The entire period from the first migration in 1040 to the death of Cruithne and his sons was 100 years. Thereafter the royal line was inherited from the mother's side, not the father's, in accordance with the original agreement with the Milesians. The following chart is taken from the "Pictish Chronicle." King's Names Lengths of Reign Dates Cruidne (or Cruithne), 100 1040- 940 son of Cinge (or Kinne), father of the Agathyrsi dwelling in Scotland. The seven sons of Cruithne: Circui 60 Fidaich 40 Forteim 70 Floclaid 30 Got 12 Ce, that is, Cecircum 15 Fibaid 24 The entire period of Cruithne and his seven sons is contained in the 100 years assigned to Cruithne. None of the sons' reigns can be dated. The kingship after 940 was passed on to the following: Gedeolgudach 80 940-860 Denbacan 100 860-760 Finnechta (Olfinecta) 60 760-700 Guididgaedbrecach 50 700-650 Gestgurtich 40 650-610 Wurgest 30 610-580 Brudebout 48 580-532 "From Brudebout descended 30 kings of the name of Brude, who reigned during 150 years in Ireland and in Albany," records the Chronicle. Albany was the seat of authority in Scotland. The following names indicate that the realm was divided into numerous principalities -- probably 15 -- over each of which two generations of kinglets reigned. Thirty kings by name of Brude 150 532-382 Brude Gest Brude Uleo Brude Urgest Brude Gant Brude Point Brude Urgant Brude Urpoint Brude Gnith Brude Leo Brude Urgnith Brude Feth Brude Gart Brude Urfeichir Brude Urgart Brude Cal Brude Clnd Brude Urcal Brude Urclnd Brude Cint Brude Uip Brude Urcint Brude Uruip Brude Feth Brude Grith Brude Urfeth Brude Urgrith Brude Ru Brude Muin Brude Ero Brude Urmuin Gilgidi 101 382-281 Tharan 100 281-181 Morleo 15 181-166 Deocilunan 40 166-126 Cimoiod, son of Arcois 7 126-119 Deord 50 119- 69 Bliciblitherth 5 69- 64 Dectoteric, brother of Diu 40 64- 24 Usconbuts 30 24 B.C.- 7 A.D. Carvorst 40 7- 47 Deoartavois 20 47- 67 Uist 50 67-117 Ru 100 117-217 Gartnaithboc 4 217-221 Vere 9 221-230 Breth, son of Buthut 7 230-237 Vipoignamet 30 237-267 Canutulachma 4 267-271 Wradech Vechla 2 271-273 Garnaichdi Uber 60 273-333 Talore, son of Achivir -- 75 333-408 (Nectanus, a contemporary Pictish king was slain in 361) Drust, son of Erp or Irb 45 408-453 Though the "Pictish Chronicle" continues the history of the Cruithne without interruption, it is important that the list be stopped here to discover who Drust, the son of Erp, was. EARLY LINE OF SCOTTISH KINGS Erp is the Pictish name for the Scottish Erc. Who was this Erc? Late Scottish historians confused this Erp or Erc with Erc the father of Fearghus. Fearghus mac Erc reigned 513-529. This was about a century after Drust mac Erp (or Erc). The two Ercs are not the same person. This is clearly proved by all early Scottish historians. "In two particulars at least, none of the early writers have disagreed: that in the year 503 an invasion of Caledonia took place under the leadership of Fergus mac Erc, and that he and his followers had come to stay" ("Controversial Issues in Scottish History", Gregg, page 35). Then who was the other Erc whose son, a century earlier, returned to rule over the Picts? The answer is found in the early history of the Scots who migrated from Scythia in the year 331-330. In 331 Alexander the Great overthrew the Persian realm. Many nations who had been held in virtual slavery gained their freedom. One of these people was the House of Israel. Israel was invaded in 721 by Shalmaneser of Assyria. After a three-year siege her people were taken into captivity. Ezekiel, over a century later was given a vision in which he saw that the House of Israel would not be released from their enslavement until 390 years had elapsed from the time of the siege of Samaria (Ezekiel 4:3-5). It was precisely 390 years from 721, when the siege against Samaria began, to 331, the date of the final overthrow of Persia and the deliverance out of captivity of the Hebrews. Some of them immediately commenced a migration to the land settled long before by their brethren. In the year 331-330 they journeyed out of Scythia to Scotland -- the word Scotland originally meant the land of the Scyths. In Scotland they sent to Ireland for a Scythian-Mileslan prince, of the line of Mileadh, to rule over them. A prince was dispatched, together with a small army. His name was Fergus, the son of Ferquhard. It was his family from which Erp or Erc, the father of Drust, king of the "Picts,'' sprang. Before returning to complete the line of "Pictish" kings, we shall present a summary of the earliest kings to rule over the Scots in Scotland. (It should be remembered that Scotland and Pictland were but two of several early divisions of that land now known as Scotland.) This material is taken from Boethus and Buchanan. The correct outline is that preserved in Anderson's "Royal Genealogies". Buchanan mistakenly shortens the total of the dynasty 16 years. But Roman history confirms the longer form preserved by Anderson on page 753. First Kings of the Lengths of Reign Dates Scots 1. Fergus 25 330-305 He died in shipwreck off the coast of Ireland, where he went to quell some commotions. 2. Feritharis 15 305-290 Brother of Fergus succeeds, since Fergus' sons are too young. 3. Mainus 29 290-261 Fergus' younger son chosen king, the older, Ferlegus, being condemned for conspiring in his uncle's death. 4. Dornadilla 28 261-233 A son of Mainus 5. Nothatus 20 233-213 Dornadilla's brother; his own son too young to succeed to the throne. A very cruel and despotic ruler, he was slain. 6. Reuther 26 213-187 Dornadilla's son. Dowal, the murderer of Nothatus, exercised great influence over the still young Reuther. 7. Reutha 17 187-170 Son of Nothatus, cousin of Reuther. Reuther's brother rules for his nephew, who is only ten years old. Reutha resigned the government in favour of Thereus his nephew. 8. Thereus 12 170-158 Reuther's son. A cruel and unwise tyrant, driven into exile in his twelfth year, Conan elected viceroy. 9. Josina 24 158-134 Thereus' brother. He greatly honored physicians, as he had been educated among them. 10. Finnan 30 134-104 Josina's son. Established that kings should not decide on great matters without authority of the great council. Ne was devoted to Druidical superstitions. 11. Durstus 9 104- 95 Finnan's son. A vile and debauched ruler. Pretending to reform his life, he invited the nobles and had them slain. He was slain in the ensuing battle. 12. Evenus 19 95- 76 Paternal cousin to Durstus. Exacted oath of allegiance from his subjects. 13. Gillus 3 76- 73 A crafty tyrant, slain by Cadwal, his viceroy, in battle. 14. Evenus II 17 73- 56 Son of Doval; grandson of Josina. 15. Ederus 48 56- 8 Son of Dochamus, Durstus' son. 16. Evenus III 7 8- 1 A wicked and licentious king; the son of Ederus. He was put in prison by the nobles and there murdered by a fellow prisoner. 17. Metellanus 29 "1 B.C."- 29 "A.D." Son of Ederus' brother. 18. Caractacus 20 29- 49 Son of Cadallanus and of Eropeia, Metellanus' sister. 19. Corbred I 18 49- 67 Caractacus' brother. 20. Dardanus 4 67- 71 Metellanus' nephew. A cruel and licentious ruler, he was captured in battle and beheaded. 21. Corbred II. 35 71-106 Corbred's son. After many battles with the Romans, he died at peace. 22. Luctacus 3 106-109 A licentious prince, son of Corbred II. He was slain by his nobles. 23. Mogaldus (Mogallus) 36 109-145 Grandson of Galdus and maternal nephew of Lactacus, son of the sister of Corbred II. Started his reign well but ended it in the ways of his predecessor. Was slain by the nobles. 24. Conarus 14 145-159 Mogaldus' son. He was a partner in the conspiracy against his father. He himself was a lecherous tyrant, was put in prison after only 2 years. Argadus became governor; Conarus was finally slain in prison in 159. 25. Ethodius 33 159-192 Mogaldus' sister's son. He was murdered for personal reasons by an Irish harper. 26. Satrael 4 192-196 Ethodlus' brother, the son was not yet mature enough. This man murdered the nobles and friends of Ethodius, so he could do away with the sons, in order to keep the reign in his family. Was finally strangled by his own servants. 27. Donald I. 21 196-217 Another brother of Ethodius. The first "Christian king" of Scotland. First to coin gold and silver money in the land. 28. Ethodius II. 21 217-238 Son of Ethodius, an intellectually weak and base-minded man. Directed by his nobles, slain by own officers. 29. Athirco 12 238-250 Son of Ethodius. Began his reign decently, but degenerated and committed suicide when pursued by his nobles. Athirco's brother, Dorus, flees from the noble Nathalocus with the three sons of Athirco. 30. Nathalocau 12 250-262 A son of Athirco's brother, he usurped the kingdom; was a cruel tyrant and was slain by the nobles. 31. Findochus 11 262-273 A son of Athirco. A good ruler, he was slain by his own brother at the instigation of Donald the Islander. 32. Donald II. 1 273-274 Findochus' brother. In battle Donald is wounded and dies shortly after. 33. Donald III 12 274-286 Donald the Islander usurped the kingship without any right to it, and ruled very cruelly. He was finally slain by Crathilinthus. 34. Crathilinthus 24 286-310 The son of Findochus, who was hidden for years. After a long series of battles with the wild Picts, and after purging the land of the idolatrous superstition of the Druids and enforcing Christianity, he died. 35. Fincormach 47 310-357 Crathilinthus' cousin. A just ruler. 36. Romachus 3 357-360 Son of oldest brother of Crathilinthus. Obtained the kingdom by force from the two sons of two other brothers of Crathilinthus. Defeated incursions of the wild Picts. His murder ended his evil reign. 37. Angusianus 1 360-361 Son of a brother of Crathilinthus. Angusianus was slain in battle with the Picts' king Nectanus. 38. Fethelmachus 3 361-364 Son of the third brother of Crathilinthus, Devastating the forces of the Picts in battle, they sent assassins who murdered the king. 39. Eugenius I (Evenus) 12 364-376 Fincormach's son. He was killed in battle against the Romans and their Pictish allies. The Scottish kingdom was obliterated. The dead king's brother, with his son Erc, and his grandson, fled to Denmark where he was received by Sivaldus III. The Scottish population scattered throughout Scandanavia. The Romans soon turned on the Cruithne -- who were still dwelling in Pictland along with the wild Picts. The Cruithne were miserably oppressed. After three decades they came to an agreement with the Scots and promised to restore the Scots to the throne if they would deliver them from oppression. The son of Erc or Erp returned in 408 at the head of a Scottish army, delivered the Cruithne and restored the throne. This son of Erc or Erp was not Ferghus, as later traditions assumed, but Drust, who became the new king of the Cruithne or Picts. Drust was famous in poetry for having fought 100 battles and lived 100 years. As he ended his reign in 453, he was born 353. He was therefore only 23 years old at the time of the flight of his grandfather and father. Before continuing the remarkable history of the wild Picts which culminated in 503 in Scotland, we should continue with the line of Scottish kings who now sat on the throne over the Cruithne (or the Agathyrsi Picts). KINGS OF CRUITHNE CONTINUED Kings of the Cruithne Lengths of Reign Dates (Drust, son of Erp or Erc 45 408-453) Talore, son of Aniel 4 453-457 Necton Morbet, son of Erp 25 457-482 Drest Gurthinmoth 30 482-512 Galanau Etelich 12 512-524 Dadrest 1 524-525 Drest, son of Gyrom 1 525-526 Drest, son of Udrost, reigned 5 526-531 jointly with Drest, son of Gyrom Drest, son of Gyrom, 5 531-536 continues to reign alone Gartnach, son of Gyrom 7 536-543 Cealtraim, son of Gyrom 1 543-544 Talorg, son of Muircholaich 11 544-555 Drest, son of Munait 1 555-556 Galam, with Aleth 1 556-557 Galam, with Brideo 1 557-558 Bride, son of Mailcon 30 558-588 Gartnaich, son of Domelch 11 588-599 Nectan 20 599-619 Cineoch, son of Luthrn 19 619-638 Garnard, son of Wid 4 638-642 Bridei, son of Wid 5 642-647 Talore, brother of the two 12 647-659 former kings Talorcan, son of Enfret 4 659-663 Gartnait, son of Donnel 6 663-669 Drest, brother of Gartnait 7 669-676 Bridei, son of Bill 21 676-697 Taran, son of Entisidich 4 697-701 Bredei, son of Derili 11 701-712 Necton, or Naitan, son of Derili 15 712-727 Drest and Alpin reigned together 5 727-732 Onnust, or Oengus, son of Urgust, 31 732-763 or Fergus Bredei, son of Uiurgust 2 763-765 Kinoid, or Kinoth son of Wirdech 12 765-777 Elpin, or Alpin son of Wroid 3 777-780 Drest, or Durst son of Talorgan 4 780-784 Talargan, son of Onnust 2 784-786 Canaul, son of Tarla 5 786-791 Castantin, or Constantine, son 30 791-821 of Urguist, or Fergus Unnust, or Hungus, son of Urguist 12 821-833 Drest, son of Constantine, and 3 833-836 Taloran, son of Utholl, reigned together. Uwen, or Eogan, son of 3 836-839 Unnust Wrad, son of Bargoit 3 839-842 Bred Brude 3 842-845 Keneth MacAlpin, first king 16 843-859 of all Scotland, united line of Cruithne (or "Picts") with the Milesian Scottish line of Ferghus mac Erc. This completes the history of the Picts who descended from the intermarriage of the Cruithne and the Judaic Milesian royal house. From the reign of Kenneth MacAlpin the history of the throne of David has already been presented in volume I. But what befell those wild, tribal Picts who gave their name to the Cruithne -- and who painted themselves? Remnants of them continued to be referred to as late as the seventeenth century. Most of the population, however, suddenly disappeared in 503 upon the coming of the Milesian Scots out of Ireland under the leadership of Fearghus mac Erc. Those wild Picts were the people who left the many strange and intriguing remains in the Northern Isles of Britain -- the mounds, the flint knives, the stonehewn tombs, the carvings. The next chapter explains the link between Scotland and the New World. CHAPTER VII THEY CROSSED THE ATLANTIC The origin of the American Indian has puzzled Europeans from the day Columbus' sailors set foot on the Caribbean isle. Yet, just four centuries earlier, the New World was common knowledge to the educated in North Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Its natives were even embracing the faith of the Roman Church, which had appointed an Icelander of noble birth as bishop over Iceland, Greenland and the lands of the New World! How did these facts all become lost? THE LITTLE ICE AGE One is so accustomed to read of "Ice Ages" as events of the remote past, that it hardly occurs to the mind that thirteenth century Europeans witnessed a veritable Little Ice Age that completely severed communications between Europe and the New World. The Baltic froze over. Vikings ceased to traverse the inhospitable Atlantic. In the New World the Land of the White Man -- Hvitramanna Land in Icelandic literature -- lost contact with Europe. Centuries later remnants of their population were found among the natives which had early traversed the Atlantic with them. This chapter unfolds what really happened in Western Europe, and especially the British Isles and Denmark, from the days of Solomon to long after the fall of the Roman Empire. It will explain the astounding chronological connection between the rise of New World civilization and the sudden flight of tribes out of Northwest Europe. WHITES DID NOT BECOME INDIANS First, let us immediately banish a myth. White Europeans did not become Indians by merely settling in the New World and becoming lost! The American Indians are not the "Lost Tribes of Israel," or Egyptians. The American Indian looks as he does because his ancestors appeared that way before they traversed the waters of the Atlantic. It may come as a surprise to learn it, but Europe and the Mediterranean world was early -- and comparatively late -- inhabited by "Red Men." Everyone has heard of the famous Phoenician sailors of the ancient Mediterranean world. They are known to have traveled far out into the Atlantic and to Northwestern Europe. The Greeks called them Phoenicians because that is what they were -- "Red Men." The word "Phoenician" is derived from the Greek word for reddish dye. The ancient Egyptians painted the Phoenicians on their walled tombs and on papyri. Their skin color? Reddish. The Egyptians painted other peoples of Palestine white and black. They recognized three races of men living in Palestine in early ages. Julius Firmicus, an early writer, stated that "in Ethiopia all are born black; in Germany, white; and in Thrace, red." Thrace was north of Greece and originally populated by the children of Tiras, son of Japheth (Gen. 10:2). It was from Thrace that Odin led the Agathyrsi and other tribes to Northwestern Europe when he founded the Danish kingdom. Many of the warriors employed by the early princes of western Europe were fierce, of swarthy skin, naked and often tatooed and painted. Strabo, the Roman geographer, wrote that areas of Ireland and Britain were inhabited "by men entirely wild." Jerome, writing in one of his letters in the fifth century, characterizes some of them as cannibals: "When they hunted the woods for prey, it is said they attacked the shepherd, rather than his flock; and that they curiously selected the most delicate and brawny parts, both of males and females, for their horrid repast." In the eighteenth century, Martin, in his volume "Western Islands of Scotland", remarked that the complexion of the natives of the isle of Skye was "for the most part black;" and the natives of Jura were "generally black of complexion," and of Arran, "generally brown, and some of a black complexion." The inhabitants of the Isle Gigay were "fair or brown in complexion." The American Indian -- commonly called the Red Man -- varies from copper brown to almost black, and, of course, almost white in some tribes. And the famous literary companions Johnson and Boswell several times took notice of the swarthy color of some of the natives in the north and west of Scotland (Croker's "Boswell", 1848, pp. 309-310, 316, 352). "There was great diversity in the faces of the circle around us," wrote Boswell; "some were as black and wild in their appearance as any American savages whatever." "Our boatmen were rude singers, and seemed so like wild Indians, that a very little imagination was necessary to give one an impression of being upon an American river." A writer at the beginning of the nineteenth century characterized the people of Harris: "In general the natives are of small stature .... the cheek bones are rather prominent. The complexion is of all tints. Many individuals are as dark as mulattoes, while others are nearly as fair as Danes" ("Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal", No. vii, pp. 142, 143). In "Pennant's Second Tour", 1772, is a line drawing of the wigwams of the half-breed natives of the Scottish Island of Jura. Here are natives, like American Indians, living in the remote islands of Europe, whose last remnants died out as late as the beginning of the nineteenth century. AMERICAN INDIAN TRADITION The common idea that American Indians had no means of preserving their history is a fiction based on the assumption that all Indians were on the same level of culture. Wild, rude tribes there were. But civilized nations existed too. They carefully preserved, among other things, the history of their journeys, and the duration of their habitation in the New World. When the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the New World they were amazed to find the Maya and Aztecs using bark paper to preserve history and daily records. It was obtained from the FICUS, a tree related to the mulberry. Bark was peeled off, beaten with a rubber mallet, and folded into sheets to make books. In Moctezuma's palace Bernal Diaz followed an "accountant" who showed him "all the revenue that was brought ... (and recorded) in his books which were made of paper which they call "amatl", and he had a great house full of these books" (pages 184-185 of "The Ancient Sun Kingdoms of the Americas", by von Hagen). Only a few escaped the book burning of the Spanish zealots, who sought to wipe out all vestiges of the previous culture and the lineage of their royal houses. Some rare codices have been preserved, however. One is the "Popol Vuh", a sacred book of the ancient Quiche Maya. In it are recorded the migrations and wanderings of their ancestors. It traces their origin eastward across the Atlantic Ocean to the Old World. Other Indians had similar origins of having to cross a great body of water from the northeast to reach their present land. (Later migrations, once they had arrived from the east, could take any direction.) The writer of the Popul Vuh declared: "They also multiplied there in the East .... All lived together, they existed in great numbers and walked there in the East .... There they were then, in great numbers, the black man and the white man, many of many classes, men of many tongues .... The speech of all was the same. They did not invoke wood nor stone, and they remembered the word of the Creator and the Maker The Maya record continues: "... they came from the East ... they left there, from that great distance .... they crossed the sea" (pp. 181, 183). When they sought to establish their kingdom "they decided to go to the East .... It had been a long time since their fathers had died East, there whence came our fathers.' Certainly they crossed the sea when they came there to the East, when they went to receive the investiture of the kingdom" (pp. 206-207). To what line of great kings in the east were these Quiche Maya journeying? To the successors of the great ruler who conducted them, about 1000 B.C., to the Usumacinta River in Mexico. ENTER VOTAN The Mayas claim that their kingdom was founded by a great eastern ruler named Votan or Oden or Dan by various tribes. He was a white man who came by sea from the east and settled them in their new land. The time of their migration, according to Ordonez, was ten centuries before the present era. This Votan -- who was also worshipped as a god -- was famous for having himself journeyed to a land where a great temple was being built. Do we have a king in Europe, living at the time Solomon's temple was being built (around 1000 B.C.), who had dominion over the seas, who was worshipped as a god, and whose name sounded like Votan? Indeed -- Woden or Odin, king of Denmark from 1040-999. He was worshipped later as a great god. Scandinavian literature is replete with accounts of his distant journeys which took him away from his homeland for many months, sometimes years. Just as king Odin or Danus gave his name to Denmark -- Danmark -- so Odin gave his name to the "forest of Dan" in the land of the Quiche Indians. (See pages 549 and 163 of volume V, "Native Races of the Pacific States", by Hubert H. Bancroft.) "Dan ... founded a monarchy on the Guatemalan plateau" (Bancroft, vol. I, p. 789). His capital, built for the Indians and their white suzerains, was named Amag-Dan. Here we have the records of Danish kings, as early as 1000 years before the birth of Christ, sailing to the New World and planting colonies of Red Men from Europe in the Yucatan and Guatemalan highlands. Is it any wonder that it was the Danes, of all nations of Europe, who continued to communicate with the New World in the days of Eric the Red? It was the king of Denmark who ruled over Iceland in the days of Christopher Columbus. Before Columbus awakened the sleepy Mediterranean world by his important journey across the Atlantic, he first sailed to Iceland where he obtained information for his fateful voyage. And is it not significant that it was an Icelandic nobleman, Eric Gnupson, who was consecrated by Pope Pascal II as Bishop of Greenland and the neighboring regions ("regionumque finitimarum") in 1112? (See "Conquest by Man", Paul Herrmann, p. 287.) EARLY TIME OF MIGRATION Tradition universally assigns white leadership to every major recorded historic migration of the American Indian from far to the northeast. The later history of Mexico commences with the establishment of a monarchy by the Toltecs of Mexico. The Toltecs were of white descent. They led and ruled over the Indians and spoke their languages. Charnay wrote in the "North American Review", October 1881, "Physically Veytia describes the Toltec as a man of tall stature, white,